Nigella Lawson and Jamie Oliver Essay

Both Nigella Lawson and Jamie Oliver are hygienic recognised TV chefs, withal both usage spoken spoken communication in very different ways, trance interacting with their auditory sense. For example Nigellas language is more sophisticated and formal whereas Jamies language is more casual and informal. turn on that point are many language differences between each of these chefs, there are also many similarities. Jamie Oliver was brought up in Essex, where people usually are open minded and sociable. When he does his openings he usually uses phrases wish healthy Hey guys & Hello lovely people, this brotherly approach to the hearing studys him more connected to people all around the world who watches his TV programmes standardized Jamies 15 minutes meals. Nigella in the other ease up was born in wandsworth London and was brought up in a self-established and well educated family. She uses sophisticated language and she doesnt usually has a solid greeting like Jamies instead she gets straight to the point like this salad , which suggest that the main focus for her is the food she is cooking.Jamie Oliver uses friendly gestures from beginning to the end. He starts usually with hey guys which automatically brings a friendly timbering towards the audience. This creates Jamie as an friendly and approachable. He uses informal speech eyepatch talking to the audience make them feel connected to him and devising them more focuse on what he is trying to say. While he is doing some action like flashing a potato he doesnt usually say smash the potato but instead he uses bash the hell out(p) of it which in sense is using onomatopoeia which makes it more exciting and simple to understand. Jamie does use this quiet often and also uses slang languages which is more appealing to puerile audiences and it also sounds very relaxed and laid back. Nigella uses spoken communication like lethally and fierce chili pepper which is related to some type of spr ightly and snappy. It shows how quick the chilli aroma hits you and how strong the hotness is in the ingredient. This may make the audience feel that the chilli is very powerful. The word lethally and fierce are common words to describe chilli. Nigella also uses long pauses while saying the word chilli, while she has long pauses its usually for gestures to take place for the pause moments.Language used by Nigella and Jamie both of them use semantic fields of cookery end-to-end their programme. They use this to add come kind of impression to their audience while differentiating to which category their food falls into. Jamie uses jargon throughout his programme and he uses it more frequently as he is well connected to his viewers and others(who) already know him as an casual informal chap from cut the street. In the other hand nigella creates huge focus on her jargons to make sure that what are good and what are bad in the food, however in my opinion she sticks to more difficul t words what only dinky proportion of people could understand again implementing she was well educated and was embossed in higher class family. Other factors of her that we could also state is be flirtatious with the audience which could make her more appealing to men audiences and making her more likeable and getting more likes and views. She uses words like plumcious beauties which brace more impact on male audience then female audience.In conclusion, I believe that Nigella Lawson and Jamie Oliver both use effective language in there spoken responses. This is because they want to encourage their target audience that everyone can cook even if its more difficult or something easy. Nigella uses more sophisticated and formal language, which is mostly based for a more upper classed audience and jamies uses informal language and slang which makes him more bona fide to teenagers who dont want any hassel and just want quick and simple way to make good food. Overall Nigella and Jamie rent their avow ways and uses different language techniques to engage and persuade the audience that they have the most successful food methods and recipes, which has been proven as these chefs have been well known on TV newspapers and magazines.

Jose Rizal Life and Education Essay

Family and beforehand(predicate) life He was the seventh child in a family of 11 children (2 boys and 9 girls). His parents went to school and were well kat oncen. His father, Francisco Rizal Mercado, worked hard as a farmer in Binan, Laguna. Rizal looked up to him. His mother, Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos, was born in Meisic, Sta. Cruz, Manila. She read a lot and knew about art and many an(prenominal) other things. Rizal said she was pleasing and very smart. He learned the alphabet from his mother at the fester of three.At age five, while learning to read and write, he withal showed that he could draw and paint. He surprised his family and relatives with his pencil drawings and sketches and with his moldings of clay. - Education In 1877, at the age of 16, he finished school (Bachelor of Arts) from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. In the same year, he went to another school to study Philosophy and garner at the University of Santo Tomas. At the same cartridge clip, he to ok classes to become a surveyor and assessor at the Ateneo.In 1878, he went to the University of Santo Tomas to become a doctor. He halt in hisstudies when he felt that the Filipino students were not cosmos treated right by the priests who were also their teachers. On May 3, 1882, he went by boat to Spain. In Spain, he continued his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid. On June 21, 1884, at the age of 23, he got his degree and became a doctor. On June 19,1885, at the age of 24, he got another degree in Philosophy and Letters. Having traveled throughout Europe, America and Asia, he spoke 22 languages.These include * Arabic * Catalan * Chinese * English * French * German * Greek * Hebraic * Italian * Japanese * Latin * Malayan * Portuguese * Russian * Sanskrit * Spanish language * Tagalog A very smart man, he was good at many other jobs besides being a doctor * room decorator * artist * businessman * cartoonist * educator * economist * ethnologist * scientific farmer * historiographer * inventor * journalist * linguist * musician * mythologist * nationalist * naturalist * novelist * ophthalmic surgeon * poet * propagandist * psychologist * scientist * sculptor * sociologist * theologian -Political spirit He hoped to make political changes in his country and to make the Filipinos go to school. Rizal wrote many poems and books that show his love for his country. In March 1887, his book, Noli Me Tangere was published. It shows the bad habits of the Spanish priests. El Filibusterismo, his second novel was published on September 18, 1891. It is sadder than his first book. Rizal was not liked by those in power. He showed the bad things done by the priests and the people in the government and this led him and his relatives into trouble.Because of this, he and those who he knew were being watched by the government. They were making up bad things against him. He was put to jailhouse in Fort Santiago from July 6, 1892 to July 15, 1892. They said that pape rs with words he wrote against priests were found in the luggage of his sister Lucia who arrive with him from Hong Kong. He was make to stay in Dapitan and there he did farming, fishing andbusiness. He also operated and worked in a hospital. He taught the English and Spanish languages and the arts. - Later Life and Death.When the Philippine Revolution (the war of Filipinos against the Spaniards) started on August 26, 1896, his enemies went after him fast. They were adequate to(p) to get people to say bad things against him and linked him with the war. He was neer allowed to talk to these people. Because the Spanish authorities thought he was responsible for the activities of the revolutionaries, he was exiled to the city of Dapitan in Zamboanga, in Mindanao (Southern Philippines). From November 3, 1896, to the date of his death, he was again held at Fort Santiago. In prison, he wrote a poem with no title.It is now called Ultimo Adios and became a famous poem in the Philippines. It expresses the shooters great love of country as well as that of all Filipinos. After a trial by the military authorities, he was convicted of rebellion (going against the government), sedition (making trouble) and of forming illegal association (meeting not allowed by the government). He was executed (punished by killing) by guns fired by soldiers on declination 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan Field. He was 35 years old at the time of his death. His death place is now a national park (now cognise as Luneta), and a monument has been constructed in his honor.

Repression in Russia in the period 1900-1929 Essay

Why did the rulers of Russia so often resort to repression in the period 1900-1929?Repression was expendd to a lower place some(prenominal)(prenominal) Nicholas 2 and the bolshys to reckon the Russian population. The liberal methods employed preceding both governments (Alexander 2 and the Provisional governance respectively) failed completely and discouraged some(prenominal) different form of liberal or democratic controls. The strict extremist ideologies of both the tsarist and Bolshevik regimes as well necessitated violent repression to ensure total compliance. This was indispensable due to the major political upheavals taking place the decline of czarism despite Nicholas determination to continue his autocratic rule and the rise of Bolshevism to substitute it meant that both parties lacked to take a very harsh line. This was exacerbated by the fact that neither party came to superpower with the legitimate vote of the overt and so faced strong face-off that they wished to eliminate.Conflict, in the form of polished struggle and the capital War, was an apparent complication in both regimes. This intellectd additional economic disarray and accessible disruption, hindering the plans of the 2 major governments of this era. hence this encouraged the use of repression in an attempt to resurrect the country and step-up their power. Further difficulties during this period were caused by Russias coarse term long problems, particularly the vast land scope and a high plowshare of distinct cultural minorities causing a lack of cohesion and smell of national identity. Bad communications and retardation of industrialisation meant poor social conditions which led to vocal rebellious groups requiring violent put downs i.e. repression. Russia, at this time, appeared robustious without resorting to repression and dictation.Repression was seeded by the lack of an alternative available to Russian rulers at this time. The Bolsheviks were further discouraged from democracy by the loser of the Provincial organization after plainly 6 months in 1917. The refusal of this government to use repression was highlighted by some of the reforms they under as wellk abolition of capital punishment and closure of the Okhrana (secret police) and the Cossacks. Lack of legions support due to the Petrograd Soviet agreement made control harder as the problems left by the Tsar (economic collapse and rebellious minorities) could not be dealt with.The public began to realise that authority could be easily flouted without the threat of punishment. Consequently, Lenin realize that coercion was required to rule Russia and that repression through the Army could be achieved when his motto All power to the Soviet was realised. Alexander 2, grandfather to Nicholas 2, was seen as the reforming Tsar- mainly due to his emancipation of the serfs in 1861. He was assassinated by a party representing these very people at the 7th such(prenominal) attem pt. Nicholas 2 realised (as the failure of the Provincial Government was to do for the Bolsheviks) that power was questi unityd when repression was not implemented.Although Lenin also used repression, the similarity in personalities between Nicholas 2 and Stalin meant that both used similar methods. two were intensely paranoid more than or less the publics perception that they were weak. To disprove this, both resorted to violent inhibitory tactics. Repression under Lenin was more calculated he talked of the coercion needed for the transition from capitalism to collectivism.Both governments were autocratic and wished to impose extreme ideologies and consequently required total support which they believed was only achievable by quashing any resistor. Total control was to be achieved by the Tsars inspired right to create this and by the Bolsheviks through their classless, one party state. This was shown when Lenin forcibly disbanded the constitution in 1918, because the Bol sheviks would not have had the mass vote they needed for the total control they sought. As a exit Lenin became the leader of the only powerful party- the Communists. Later, Stalin change magnitude his control through purges within his own government ensuring his role as the absolute leader reflecting the Tsars goal of omnipotence following the Fundamental Laws.The Tsar required repression of the peasantry (80% of the population) whereas the Bolsheviks faced opposition from the middle and upper classes. Tsarism relied heavily on religion (the Russian Orthodox Church/ROC) to control the people whereas the Bolsheviks saying this as a threat. The ROC taught that the Tsar was God on earth in an attempt to indoctrinate the peasantry to such an extent that they would do as he commanded. Important ministers were often associated with the Church e.g. Pobiedonotstev. After the downfall of Tsarism, Lenin proclaimed the loss theory that religion was the opium of the people and proceeded to turn repression onto the church to rid Russia of this perceived powerful opponent to the communist system. Stalin continued the destruction of religion in Russia through the assassination of any cleric he felt had too much influence.The Tsar and the Bolsheviks both faced threatening opposition. The Tsars opponents ranged from the peasant-based Social Revolutionaries (who would later become the Bolsheviks opponents) to the Bolsheviks themselves supported by the working class. The failure of the 1905 revolution after the intervention of the Okhrana and host showed that the Tsar could not have retained power without repression. The Okhrana were also used to rid Russia of revolutionaries such as Lenin himself.The Bolsheviks shared the problems caused by the ethnic minorities and their wish for independence. However, The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk weakened this opposition for the Bolsheviks after it packd 25% of Russian land mainly that hold the minorities. Both regimes faced a wi de range of opposition, prompting repression to remove the greatest threats such as the dissolution of the SR-dominated constitution in 1918. Lenin reduce the power of the elite by taking their property and institutions from them. Stalin continued and panoptic the use of repression eliminating any minor threat, including members of the Communist Party in his Great PurgesConflict encouraged the rulers during this period to resort to repression. The Tsar faced the Russo-Japanese contend and the Great War during his reign. The Bolsheviks had to contend with a Civil War. In both cases, repression was used to evoke loyalty and force unification. The Cossacks and Ohkrana were fundamental to the suppression of objectors to the Tsar, as were the Bolshevik equivalents, the Cheka.The Cheka aided Bolshevik victory in the Civil War and were then used by Lenin to forcibly take grain for the soldiers under the Grain Requisition Act despite the distress caused to the peasants. The Tsar also u sed repression to keep Russia fighting in the Great War including the silencing of anti-war parties and also opposition to the mandatory food rationing by a esurient people. Despite these efforts, war finally brought the downfall of Tsarism after mass abandonment from the army effectively took away the last prop of the old regime. The Bolsheviks however, emerged successfully from the Civil War allowing them to consolidate their new-found power with the use of additional repression. retard Industrialisation was a long-term problem that is still felt by Russia today. The Tsar attempted to improve Russias industrial affluence whilst maintaining control by repressing the working classes to prevent them revolting. To do this, he taboo trade unions and imprisoned the leaders. The Communists also attempted to improve Russias industrial situation- through the conversion from capitalism to communism. The Tsar sought support from former(a) European countries whereas the Communists violent ly rejected this policy.This meant that the Communists required a greater take of forced savvy (i.e. repression) in order to cope without this aid. Stalin hoped to develop Russia into a superpower in his 5-year plans. This involved the use of the forced free labour of non-conformists who were imprisoned in labour lives. The Kulaks (wealthy peasants) were among those sent to such a camp. collectivization was a re-introduction of the Grain Requisition and an attempt to revolutionise agriculture on Communist lines and resulted in starvation of the rural population. This repression of the peasantry was also evident in the Tsarist regime to prevent unrest.The long-term problems experienced by Russia at this time encouraged the use of repression as a means of control. The huge population spread over a vast land area meant that in addition to the communication problems caused by sheer size and the teemingness of minority groups, it was impossible for any government to meet the demands made by all of the people. The Tsar attempted to deal with this through the go forment of Russfication and sending the army to eliminate any protesters e.g. in Uzbekistan. The Bolsheviks also faced the minority opposition with violent repression gazillions of Ukrainians were sent to forced labour camps by Stalin. Prejudice against ethnic groups was rife anti-Semitism caused repression of Jews under both Tsarist and Bolshevic regimes.Although it can be said that the governments of Nicholas 2, Stalin and to a lesser extent Lenin were repressive by nature, the need for control via repression was inherent within the set up of Russia. Until the fall of communism in Russia in the late 20th century, it was clearly evident that the more lenient governments, such as that of Alexander 2 and Provisional Government were less successful than the more repressive ones although they were hardly given guess to do well, so quick were some to take their place at the first sign of weakness. This ac ted as an encouragement for the major governments between 1900-1929 to use the secret police, army and threat of imprisonment to deter opposition, repress the peasantry and enforce the ideologies of the government.Repression was imperative for both governments the Tsarist to cling to power and the Communists to snatch it from them. Both had many unpopular economic, political and social reforms to pass. War highlighted the problems of the country and the front line of strong opposition against both governments. In the view of both it increased the need for repression to realign the economic and social structure. Under both regimes the cause and the effect of repression was the same it resulted in the death or displacement of many. Unfortunately, it was just a prelude to the terror that was to be experienced during the High-Stalinism of the 1930s. During this decade, 7 million died, mostly after being sent to a labour camp for failing to conform to the Communist ideal of collectivisa tion.

Christmas Carol Text Repsonse Essay

In A Christmas hum, Dickens delivers strong criticisms of the society in which he lives. DiscussA Christmas Carol written by maven of the most influential social reform novelists of the nineteenth century, Charles Dickens, delivers very grating criticisms of Victorian capital of the United Kingdom. Dickens presents these criticisms through the behaviour of the novellas protagonist, Ebenezer skinflint. His piece displays everything that Dickens perceives as being wrong in Victorian society. His manipulation of the poor and destitute, the preaching of his employee Bob Crachit and the weak births he keeps with family are each(prenominal) indirect criticisms by the renowned author, Dickens.The poor in Victorian London were left in very poor living conditions, and were essentially cut by the upper class. There was a huge segregation betwixt the lower class and upper class. Dickens implies that those with excessive wealth and ply had a responsibility to take care of those less fortunate than themselves. This opinion is explored between the relationship of skinflint and his clerk, Bob Crachit. Scrooge is completely carnal of his responsibilities and duties to Crachit. When asked what donations Scrooge would like to give to the poor, he simply states Nothing. This shows that Scrooge (and the upper class society) simply have no compassion or consideration for the poor living below them.The children ignorance and want are an auxiliary by dickens to send a simple message, to help bulge out those in want, and beware of ignorance in oneself and others. The main protagonist of the story, Ebenezer Scrooge embodies the finish off qualities of Victorian society. Obsessed with accumulating wealth and with no concern for his beleaguered employee, Scrooge is an allegoric representation of the forces of capitalism driving the industrial economy at the time.The treatment of loved ones and relationships are key in A Christmas Carol. The main relationship emphasized by Dickens is the relationship between Scrooge and his nephew, Fred. Scrooge does not even slightly value his relationship with Fred. He refuses whatsoever affection or invitations given by Fred, shows no interest in Freds life and does not show any remorse towards these actions. This is in any case a criticism by Dickens. He is implying that the excessive and overbearing indispensableness for wealth and power ruin the relationships shared between people. In Scrooge, this is not only shown through his lack of a relationship with Fred, but alike with his relationship with Belle, and ultimately its downfall.The festive and face value of A Christmas Carol provides an entertaining and light-hearted story for readers. However, beneath this heart-warming transformation of a character in that respect are strong criticisms of Victorian society delivered by Dickens. He criticizes the sort that the poor are left to fend for themselves in terrible conditions, the personal manner th e poor are treated by the upper class inject of society, and through the use of weak value placed relationships with family and friends during the time. Dickens novella was intended to point out the flaws in the society in which he lived and make its readers aware and cautious of these near fatal traits.

Arg Container Terminal

CARIBBEAN oceanic INSTITUTE Marine net Operations ARJ Container Terminal Prep ard by Revalino Bennett, Andrew Gibson, Jenoir Dick, Oshane Polson, Tandra Morris, Jodian Braham For Mr. Reyon McIntyre Due age zero(prenominal)ember 15th, 2012 T fitted of Contents component Page section A- GeneralIntroduction IV A-2 ARG Air layout 1-2 A-3 Abbreviations A-4 works Hrs A-5 foundation Passes A-6 General Customs formality discussion section B- Land location Operations B-1 entry Operations B-2 Terminal Access B-3 going away brass B-4 Checking activeness at Gate B-5 Inter Terminal becharm B-6 Customs solicitude theatrical role C- vas Operation C-1 Marine Requirements C-101 Working Hrs C-102 vas Arrival NoticeC-103 Documents needed C-104 Establishing intercourse C-105 Pilotage C- 2 office and Labour excogitationning C-201 Pro-forma watercraft Schedules C-202 Advance Schedules C-203 sign vas offer cultivation C-204 Detailed vas C entirely cultivation C-205 Comm unication on the port wine of Salalah Game Plan C-206 C eithers Outside Pro-forma C-207 watercraft Connections C-208 Technical selective information on the watercraft C-209 Notice of Readiness Section D- Load and tout ensemble everywheref gloomy Operation D-1 General D-101 Gantry Crane Capacity D-102 Lashing D-103 litter Cover Moves and Restows D-104 Use of Special Equipment D-105 Bay supplying and constancy CalculationsD-106 interpretation of Loading/Discharging of Containers D-107 hatching D-108 Storage D-109 information Amendment D-2 f both asleep Operation D-201 vas Profile Information D-202 Discharge List Information D-203 Checking Activity During Discharge (Tally) D-204 Reporting D-205 Short-landed Container D-206 Over-Landed Container D-3 Load Operation D-301 Pre-Plan D-302 Load List Information D-303 Re-Nomination of dispatch D-304 Pro-Forma lading Dead breeze D-305 Checking Activity during Load (Tally) D-306 Reporting D-307 Short- moveped Container D-308 Over-Shipped Container D-4 Yard size up D-5 Vessel Bunkering, Repair, and Supply of ProvisionSection E- Break Bulk and Over Dimensional incumbrance E-1 Requirements E-2 Restrictions F- take away Deliveries G- Dangerous committal H- Leakage/Spillage of Cargo I- Container Freight grade Activities J- Weighbridge K- Miscellaneous Ser debilitys L- hurt and Claims L-01 slander to Lines Equipment (Without Prejudice) L-02 Damage to Lines Vessel (Without Prejudice) L-03 Damage Ca utilise by Third Parties L-04 Damage to fashion Facilities/Equipment/Personnel M Longstanding Cargo N- Reefer Containers Section O- expression Safety and hostage O01 Rules & Regulations O02 world(prenominal) Ship and port wine tribute (ISPS) O02. ISPS Measures by fashion of Salalah O02. 2 ISPS Requirements for the Line O03 X-Ray surveillance of Containers Introduction The competition among container ports continues to increase because of di? erentiating factors such as work, repair and fulfila nce. These factors draw and quarter up some of the major key selection criterias international transferral companies consider when selecting a transshipment port. With that in mind we the owners and managers at ARJ Container Terminal forget be trying to attract carriers with our automating handling equipment, the speeding up unthe likes of services, and providing the most current data on the ? w of containers. At the alike(p) cartridge clip, however, we exit reduce cost by utilizing our resources e? ciently, including human resources, berths, container, causes, quay hold outs, and dissimilar chiliad equipment. Our key and optimum advantage entrust be our location. This location in Little Bay, Little London Westmorland Jamaica West Indies lead cause the sufficient harbor water depth and dock space that go forth make it possible to facilitate docking of up to a Super-Panamax vessel.Dredging get out not be ask to accommodate these large draft vessels, indeed no distu rbance or depletion of whatever marine wildlife sanctuaries on the take floor or natural habitat exit be ca utilise. We and our management team argon greatly transportd by this because exterior of us urgencying to take a leak an optimal towering efficiency container destination, we similarly want to know that it is done with little or no impact on the sur bikeing environment and wildlife. ARJ Container Terminal location entrust be 25 minutes from the capital city of Savanna La Mar and 5 minutes from the A2 South Coast Highway.This lead aid greatly in our multimodal transportation grooming for both our clients and ourselves and as well as compliment positively on the domestic distribution side of our spicy society. We ar a limited liability fellowship that specialises in container and general clog handling for transshipment and domestic purposes. The company is owned by Shiek Revalino Bennet, Shiek Andre Gibson and Shiek Jenoir Dick and is manage by our seniors d irectors Oshane Polson, Tandra Morris and Jodian Braham The objective of ARJ is to fork out integrated freight rate service solutions for load ships companies world good.Due to our high-pitchedly competent managers, the company leave alone be able to substantially increase its cargo employee turnover and ensure regular cargo flow, and to compliment our effectiveness we allow be the whole terminal on the island of Jamaica with Sea-Rail transshipment operations. This depart enhance our domestic power and in turn bringing first sept service to the developing nation of Jamaica. Our developed terminal infrastructure, cargo handling technologies and modern equipment pull up stakes definitely ensure ARJs competitiveness and peak position in the transit market.We go forth offer value-added services including customs operations, freight universeity and logistics solutions so this lot basi chew the faty be a one tick shop for our customers/clients. ARJ will employ 111 qual ified specia keys in different handle to ensure the companys operational efficiency and productiveness direct is on par with the major terminals around the world and even outflank if possible. We atomic number 18 predicting from global feedback that our total container flow for 2013 will be slightly 750,000 TEU. ARJ Air Layout Infrastructure location Length 290 m Draught 15 m W arhouse bea 16,310 m2Open-air retention eye socket 120,800 m2 Technical equipment Quay hold outs at the vessel STS crane stuffy quay crane Mobile harbor crane For container transfer (horizontal transport) SC (max. stacking capability 1-over-3-high) Reachstacker Terminal tractor with t vituperateer (so-called Tractor-T racetracker Unit (TTU)) Multi-trailer (terminal tractors with several(prenominal) trailers) Empty/ blameed container handler Shuttle Carrier (ShC stacking capability 1-over-1-high) machine-controlled Guided Vehicles (AGV) Automated SC (max. stacking capability 1-over-2 -high) For container transport and stacking in spite of appearance the metre SC Rubber-Tyred Gantry crane (RTG crane) Rail-Mounted Gantry crane (RMG crane) Container handler (like relieve oneselfstacker or top lifter) OverHead Bridge crane (OHB crane) For the landside operation SC RTG crane RMG crane Reachstacker TTU At the inland navigation vessel STS crane Conventional quay crane Mobile harbor crane The STS crane drops cut containers on TTU that will transport the containers to the stacking bea where the boxes ar stacked by reach stackers (see descriptor 1. 1) or forklift trucks fitted with appropriate spreader frames for container top or side lifting.Due to their versatility in operation, reach stackers be the best choice for our multi-purpose terminal as they be easy to handle, can be used for stacking in the g-force, lade and un fill up of TTUs, road trucks and rail cars on first rail. Including our landside operation, an estimate of 34 reachstackers a nd 45 TTUs are needed per STS crane. The specific ac search of TTUs in bumpicular will wager on the hold amongst the berth and the stacking area of the respective operation. The TTUs are used for the transport of the containers in the midst of the vessel and the container yard.Figure 1. 1- Reachstackers and TTU operation A storage energy of approx. 350 TEU per hectare for 3-high stacking and 500 TEU per hectare for 4-high stacking are common figures for our graphic symbol of yard equipment. The maximum stacking height is 5, container overeats can be kept 4-deep due to second row access. In vitrine of re delimittlement of capacities reachstackers are easily transported to an new(prenominal) terminal or used for former(a) cargo handling and because of their easy transportation surrounded by terminals reachstackers can be used to cover temporary indispensabilitys. place Carrier governing bodyThe STS crane will place containers onto the apron from where the SCs transport them to the stacking yard (see Figure 1. 2 and Figure 1. 3) and stack the containers. The SCs are independent from any some different equipment and are able to perform all the different handling operations transport, stacking and the freight rate/ set down of trucks and rail cars (see Figure 1. 3). SC constitutions are the optimal carcass for large size terminals when high flexibility in the yard and accessibility of the boxes are required and thay make it easy to alter the layout of the terminal.A storage capacitance of approx. 500 TEU per hectare stacking 2-high (3-high SC) and 750 TEU per hectare stacking 3-high (4-high SC) can be achieved. The maximum stacking height is 4-high. Including landside operation, an estimate of 45 SCs are required per STS crane without considering specific powers. The system will be supported by container handlers stacking MT boxes and/or RMGs for container handling in the rail yard. Figure 1. 2 Pure SC system Figure 1. 3 SC operations Conta iner transport and stacking and Loading / un shipment of rail cars System advantages SCs are able to cover all kinds of horizontal and vertical transports being necessary to perform container moves from the landside terminal interfaces (including truck handling and rail operation) via the container yard to handover positions below the STS cranes at quayside (and vice versa). the containers can be dropped on the ground so that no (or sole(prenominal) short) time lag times for handling equipment occur. This kind of container handover enables STS cranes to operate with a high productivity spot using a comparatively low number of SCs per crane. high number of concurrent container movements the breakdown of one SC has a comparatively low impact on the total handling process compared to the systems with TTUs the push party costs are lower due to the smaller number of vehicles no disturbance of the operation by trucks because these are loaded/unloaded outside the stacking yard th e system is flexible to changes based on operational requirements and terminal layouts can be simply altered as SCs can be easily moved within the terminal since no pre-set routes or tracks are needed Rubber-Tyred Gantry Crane System with Tractor-Trailer UnitsThe STS gantry crane places the container on a TTU unit that transports the container to the storage area where the RTG crane stacks the containers in long blocks (see Figure 1. 4). The RTG can be used for TTUs and road trucks as well. The size and structure of the RTG crane is determined according to the requirements of the terminal operator. The system has a very high stacking assiduousness because of the high stacking capability and the block stacking. Long traveling distances on the terminal are less problematical as TTUs transport the containers.RTG cranes will also be effectively used for the handling of containers on road trucks or rail cars. According to manufacturers, up to four tracks can be covered and containers c an be stored at the side of the rail tracks. They can be allocated from the yard to the landside operation and vice versa, if necessary. Including landside operation 23 RTGs and 45 TTUss (depending on the distance amidst berth and stacking area) are required per STS crane. They stack the container in blocks 1-over-4- to -7-high and 5 to 8 container rows plus 1 lane for container handover laneFigure 1. 4 RTG cranes and TTUs in the stacking yard, rail yard operation by RMGs System advantages low space requirement in the stacking area because of the high storage capacity in a small area (high stacking density). The containers can be stacked up to 8- high (i. e. 1-over-7-high)1 without spacing for traveling lanes between the rows. relatively high flexibility as the RTGs can be transported to early(a) storage blocks Rail-Mounted Gantry Crane System These cranes are mounted on fixed rail tracks with a jut out outside the portal of cranes (see Figure 1. ). Figure 1. 5 RMG cranes with TTUs System advantages RMGs in the main stack higher and span wider, with up to 1-over-7-high and 12 containers wide Stacking density of the yard is higher with RMG cranes and can exceed 1,000 TEU per hectare (stacking 4-high) Automated Guided Vehicles The horizontal transport of the containers will be performed with AGVs. (See Figure 1. 6). The handover positions for trucks are located at the top-end of the stacking blocks. The stacking of the containers is usually carried out by automated RMGs.The ShC is designed primarily to work containers between the shipss side and container stacks served by RMG cranes. As it is able to stack containers two high it will also be used for load and unloading road trucks and rail cars. The shuttle carrier is an substitute(a) aim at more efficiency to handle the container transport between the stacks and the quay cranes, and s bank maintain high density stacking by RTG or RMG yard cranes. Figure 1. 6 RMG cranes with AGVs System advantages ver y low labor costs because of automation high system accessibility very high productivity of horizontal transport The layout and choice of our equipment and their interface will depend on, amongst others, the number of containers to be handled, accessible area type of back country transport. The combining of our terminal equipment to be used will depend on if they are at the vessel, for transport tasks between quay and stacking yard ( or reverse) for container stacking, for transport from stacking yard to and from the landside operation area for landside operation itselfOperational areas 1. The area between quay wall and container yard 2. container yard 3. terminal area of landside operations example the gate, parking, office buildings, customs facilities etc The container yard will be an intermediate storage forwardness significance the containers will remain from a couple of hours to some weeks. There are different possibilities for the layout of our intermediate stor age area. We may have stacking area which is compact, low ground area consuming stack without spacing known as block stack (see Figure 2. 1).In cases like these, yard gantry cranes will be used for the stacking of containers being delivered by terminal equipment of horizontal transport. An choice is the bi business concernar stack (see Figure 2. 2) where the containers are stacked by Straddle Carriers (SC). This type of stacking will have spacing between the container rows and relatively wide terminal roads. Export and import containers will be segregated within the yard area and piled up to 4 containers high and pre-sorted for the various hinterland transport modes. Figure 2. 1 block stacking Figure 2. 2 originar stackingOperational procedures applicable for the handling of containers and container vessels calling at the ARJ Container Terminal Section A General A-1 Abbreviations COD Change of Destination EDI Electronic entropy trans aimt EIR Equipment Interchange Report ETC Ex pected Time of Completion OOG Out of count on fuel pod mien of Discharge SSDR Stevedore Ship Damage Report TOS Terminal Operating System A-2 Working Hrs The terminal operates round the clock on the hobby memorandum Terminal Operations 24 hrs overleap say public holiold ageOffice Administration 0700 hrs to 1530 hrs Monday to Friday except declared public holidays Gate Operations 0800 hrs to 1600 hrs Friday except declared public holidays Overtime rates as per Tariff will apply for all activities carried out on declared public holidays. Containers can be pass judgment at or released from the gate outside the working hrs shown above at no excess charge (except on public holidays), but former notice should be habituated to the manner to ensure the Gate is staffed appropriately. A-3 Entry Passes enduring entry passes are bangd at the discretion of the Sr.Manager. Application forms are available at the main reception of the Container Terminal Administration Building. Permane nt entry passes are valid for one year. Monthly & routine entry passes are issued takings to proof of legitimate business in the terminal. Vehicle entry permits are selectively issued on providing vehicle enrolment and accommodation papers. A-4 General Customs Formalities The expatriation telephone wire bears just responsibility for all Customs headway formalities concerning their cargo. Section B Landside Operations B-1 Terminal AccessARJ Container Terminal controls access of truckers to the terminal. A trucker is only allowed on the terminal subsequently full identification of the trucker and registration of the terminal visit. Containers are only allowed onto the terminal on instruction of the tape transport line that has to provide an acceptance notification to ARJ Gate subdivision in the lead the container arrives at the gate. Information required will be as follows Container ID and fight No. Equipment Size/Type Outbound Vessel / Voyage and POD IMO / Reefer / OOG When delivering the container the trucker has to provide Container No. nd Booking No. to gate staff. All full containers will be gated in put down to clearance of Customs formalities by the tape drive line. B-2 Exit Validation ARJ performs exit validation. Containers are only allowed to leave the terminal upon release book of instructions sure from the merchant vessels line, provided the customs department does not restrict the container from divergence the terminal. The transit line must provide ARJ Gate discussion section with a hard copy of the release instruction. Information required will be as follows Container ID Receiving Party Identification or Reference Number Date Restrictions if any Full containers will be allowed to depart the terminal only subject to conclusion of all customs formalities by the transportation system line and full payment of port charges. B-3 Checking Activity at Gate For any containers entering or leaving the gate, the larboard will perform a visual keep back and any deviations from provided data or anomalies are documented and account to the shipping line. The let out entangles the following Container ID Equipment size/type optic damage (external) Visual damage (internal empty containers only) Presence of blockadeIf any damage to a container is noticed at the gate, then a pen to this will be do on the gate ticket issued. every just run offing required e. g. Seal number, or further action like placing of postage stamp or placard is indictable as per Tariff. B-5 Customs Inspection In case ROP orders customs inspection of a container, shipping line should advise the port who will move the container to the customs inspection area and unstuff the cargo as per ROP requirement and subsequently restuff the cargo in the container, such operation to be charged as per Tariff.Section C Vessel Operation Information on vessels calling ARJ to realise or load containers is to be provided to ARJ planning d epartment by the shipping line or its designated representatives. The Line shall nominate a focal point that can be reached 24 hrs a day by ARJ intend and Operations segments in case any issues concerning Vessel proviso / Operation need to be verified. C-1 Vessel Arrival Notice The owner, ships agents or the overwhelm of the ship shall send the comer notice to the Harbour Master 48 hrs beforehand arrival to the Port.He should also inform the Harbour Master with the flesh out of the Ship, its cargo, any hazardous cargo, cases of illness and any defects which affects the vessel manoeuvrability. C-1. 1 Documents Required Insurance cover for third party liabilities, wreck removal and anoint pollution Ships registration certificate Port clearance certificate from last port of call ISPS present Class Certificate C-1. 2 Establishing Communication The master of the ship shall establish communication with The Port self-assurance and pick up permission to enter the port limits , at to the lowest degree(prenominal) four hrs former to the estimated time of arrival.The Port Authority will typeset the services of Pilotage, Tugs and Mooring Gang(s), and coordinate with ARJ Terminal Operations to have the gantry cranes and labour gangs ready. Normally cargo operations start upon lowering of the aisle from the vessel. C-1. 3 Pilotage Pilotage services are available round the clock. Activation time for marine services is 30 minutes. C- 2 Berth and Labour mean Pro-forma vessel schedules and move counts declared by the l shipping lines form the basis for berth and stevedore / labour planning in the Quay Wall Schedule.Daily berth planning will also include Initial vessel call study Detailed vessel call information for initial and pro-forma calls Availability of quay-wall space Vessel connections Based on this information ARJ Planning department will prepare the day plan C-2. 1 Pro-forma Vessel Schedules Vessel string pro-forma berth windows are negotiated between the shipping line and ARJ. Berth windows are related to an estimated number of container lifts and the required day and time of the week for the vessel operation.Unless other agreed, vessels will be be after for arrival and departure at pro-forma berth window. Vessels arriving within pro-forma eternally have priority over vessels out of pro-forma or incidental vessel calls. If it concerns vessels of the same shipping line only, this shipping line may set its own priorities, provided that it does not impact the berth windows of other Shipping lines. C-2. 2 Advance Schedules The shipping line will provide to ARJ Planning Department future projected schedules every week, from current date to 30 days in advance.Information required will be as follows Vessel reach incoming / Outbound Voyage ETA / ETD Service C-2. 3 Initial Vessel Call Information The shipping line is trusty for providing initial vessel call information at least 7 work-days prior to the estimated vessel arrival date to ARJ Planning Department. Information required will be as follows Vessel Name Call Sign Inbound / Outbound Voyage ETA / ETD LOA Previous Port of Call neighboring Port of Call Estimated Move Count Vessel Service Vessel Operator C-2. 4 Detailed Vessel Call InformationDetailed information is to be provided to ARJ Planning Department for line haul vessels at least 48 hrs and for all other vessels at least 24 hrs prior arrival at the terminal. Information required will be as follows Vessel Name ETA Required ETD Expected Move Count, split as Total number of discharge / load moves OOG discharge / load moves sustain reefer discharge / load moves Empty container discharge / load moves IMO class 1 & 7 discharge / load moves Detailed information of any Break Bulk Cargo Upon receipt of this information, ARJ will encounter the final berth and labour planning.In case of required changes in the put across ETA / ETD, ARG Planning Department will contact th e shipping line to create the best workable solution. The Port has a minimum billing per vessel call for loading/discharging of containers as per Tariff. Vessels are expected to use the Ports coast gantry cranes. any(prenominal) movement or use of the vessels gear while alongside is strictly subject to prior approval from the Port. C-2. 5 Communication on the ARJ Day Plan The Line will submit day-by-day ETA update for their vessels latest at 1000 hrs every day. ARJ will in turn revert with a Day Plan latest at 1500 hrs.In order to provide flexibility to our customers, the Day Plan is invariably considered subject to change. any agreements that are verbal in nature or those made after office hrs need to be confirm in writing in a flash on opening of the next working day. C-2. 7 Vessel Connections Connections other than those agreed to in the pro-forma schedule, have to form part of the Day Plan negotiations and these have to be announced to ARJ Planning Department preferably 48 hrs, but at least 24 hrs before ETA to ensure proper priority setting for the quay-wall. C-2. 8 Technical Information on the VesselFor vessels calling ARJ Container Terminal for the first time or in case of changes to the previously supplied vessel information the shipping line require to supply ARJ Planning Department with technical information on the vessel at least 72 hrs before arrival. Technical information on the vessel consists of Vessel Name Call Sign LOA Container Layout Lashing Plan Type of Twist Locks Type of insure Covers Mooring Restrictions (port / starboard side) Vessel Capacity in TEU Vessel Profile / NSD file (if available) Other peculiarities germane(predicate) to the Vessel storage roomFurther details subject to planning or operational require have to be provided upon request. C-2. 9 Notice of Readiness The Port Authority will issue the vessel with a Notice of Readiness at least 2 hrs prior to the estimated completion of cargo operations, and provi ded vessel confirms readiness to canvas upon cargo completion The Port Authority will arrange to criminal record Pilot, Tugs and unmooring gang(s). Section D Load and Discharge Operation D-1 General D-1. 1 Gantry Crane Capacity Port provides shore-side gantry cranes with minimum capacity of 40 tons under the spreader and there are cranes with up to 65 tons capacity.D-1. 2 Lashing The Port Tariff for loading and discharging of containers includes the cost of flogging and un lash of containers on board the vessel. Lashing equipment is to be provided by the shipping line. The Port will maintain safe housekeeping of flogging material at all times and handle all thrashing gear in a controlled manner and in accordance with accepted safety standards. The Port will also handle discharging and loading of lashing material if required at no additional charge. D-1. 3 Hatch Cover Moves and Restows Hatch Cover moves and restows are chargeable as per tariff. D-1. 4 Use of Special EquipmentUs e of special equipment for loading/unloading eg slings, frames etc is chargeable as per tariff on per lift basis. D-1. 5 Bay Planning and Stability Calculations The Port will carry out Bay Planning and unloading / sequence of containers in accordance with the information provided by the shipping line as part of its normal service. Container stow plans prepared by the Port are subject to the final confirmation by the Master of the vessel. The Port is responsible for providing information to the shipping line required for stability and lashing calculations, but the Port is not responsible for making these calculations.D-1. 6 description of Loading/Discharging of Containers Loading / discharging of containers is the handling by the Port of the containers between the stowage position onboard the vessel and the position in the container yard of the Port. No additional breaks made based on any change in the information or additional information provided by the shipping line are include d, and such additional shiftings made are chargeable as per tariff. logical implication / export containers pay truck loading / unloading charge as per tariff. D-1. 7 ReportingThe Port makes reports as per shipping lines required format and frequence to the operator of the vessel for all containers loaded/discharged and in case of vessels loading containers be to more than one shipping line, to each shipping line for their containers. D-1. 8 Storage Containers are stored in the Container Yard of the Port subject to the applicable Freetime and Container Storage rates as per Tariff. D-1. 9 Data Amendment Data Amendment charges as per Tariff apply in case the discharge and / or load adverts are not provided in time to the Port, or in case there is any change to the information provided.Any Data Amendment that involves containers being shifted from one stack to another will incur shifting charges in addition as per Tariff. D-2 Discharge Operation D-2. 1 Vessel Profile Information Th e shipping line is responsible for communicating the discharge, re-stow and remain-on-board instructions at least 24 hrs prior to the arrival of the vessel to ARJ Planning Department. For vessels with less than 24 hrs steaming time from the previous port, these details are to be provided as soon as information becomes available. The Bay-plan of the arriving vessel is to be sent via EDI message.D-2. 2 Discharge List Information The discharge list is to be provided to ARG Planning Department 24 hrs prior arrival for set about vessels and 18 hrs prior arrival for feeder vessels. Exceptions will be made on a case to case basis for vessels with lesser time as compared to these deadlines in which case load instructions have to be made available as soon as possible. D-2. 3 Checking Activity During Discharge (Tally) During the discharge process, ARJ will perform a visual check and any deviations from provided data or anomalies are documented and describe to the Line.This check also covers any restows. The check includes the following Container ID Equipment Size / Type Visual Damage Presence of seal (On request) Any further checking required eg Seal number, CSC plate validity etc or further action like placing of seal or placard is chargeable as per Tariff. D-2. 5 Short-landed Container When a container is reported short-landed, ARJ Planning Department will contact the Line. Information will be provided as follows Container ID Vessel / Voyage stowage position stated for the container Reasons for Short-LandingContainer Terminal Operational Guidelines Issued 1 D-2. 6 Over-Landed Container When a container(s) is reported as over-landed, ARJ Planning Department will contact the vessel operator. Information will be provided as follows Container ID Seal Number Status (full / empty) Equipment Type / Size Stowage amaze the container was found in IMO / Reefer information as further as possible Reasons for Over-landing The shipping line will investigate will power / operator of the container and decide whether the container must be re-stowed or remain discharged.The shipping line will supply full container details to ARJ Planning Department and advise further action before vessel departure. D-3. 3 Re-Nomination of Cargo In the event of rollover of cargo for whatever reason, the Line is expected, within 12 hrs of vessel departure, to communicate to ARJ Planning Department, the name of the new vessel which will load the cargo. Every such renomination incurs a charge as per Tariff. D-3. 4 Pro-Forma Cargo Deadline In principle, all containers must be in the yard upon arrival of the vessel in order to maintain vessel schedule integrity and ensure efficient stevedore operations.The following will be taken into account Vessel schedule reliability / integrity should not be affected Berth / Crane productivity should not be unduly impacted Line, Port and Customs requirements The shipping line is responsible for ensuring that all cargo is avail able for loading prior vessel arrival. selfsame(prenominal) applies to cargo on hold or any other cargo released by the shipping line but not ready for loading due to any particular reason. D-3. 5 Checking Activity during Load (Tally) During the load process, ARJ will perform a visual check and any discrepancies or anomalies are documented and reported to the shipping line.This check includes restows. The check includes the following Stowage Position Visual Damage Presence of Seal Any further checking required eg Seal number, CSC plate validity etc or further action like placing of seal or placard is chargeable as per Tariff. D-3. 6 Reporting ARJ Planning Department will update the shipping line with the ETC before and after start of vessel operation and advice the vessel and The Port Authority 2 hrs notice prior to vessel departure. at one time vessel planning is removed ARJ will forward a BAPLIE to the vessel.An updated BAPLIE will be delivered minimum 1/2 hour before comple tion of cargo operations. ARJ is able to provide the shipping line with EDI Load handicap Messages (COARRI) at frequencies agreed to with the shipping line. In addition to the EDI information a recap of the final load and a confirmed load list (CLL) will be sent to the Shipping line via E-mail earliest after vessel departure. In case of EDI failure ARJ will provide the shipping line with a Bay Plan of the load condition upon request.Any urgent or critical matters relating to discrepancies in reporting are to be addressed with the ARJ Planning Department D-3. 7 Short-Shipped Container When a container is reported as short-shipped, ARJ Planning Department will contact the shipping line. Information will be provided as follows Container ID Vessel / Voyage Port of Discharge Stowage position stated for the container Reasons for Short-Shipping D-3. 8 Over-Shipped Container When a container is reported as over-shipped, ARJ Planning Department will contact the shipping line.Informati on will be provided as follows Container ID Vessel / Voyage Container Operator for the over-shipped container Status (full / empty) Category (export / transhipment) Stowage Position (if available) IMO Details Reefer Details Reasons for Over-Shipping D-4 Yard Inventory ARJ Planning Department will provide the shipping line with weekly Yard Inventory Reports for all laden and empty containers. In addition ARJ will also provide on a weekly basis a list of laden containers in the yard, which do not have a put up on carrying vessel or POD.The shipping line will confirm the missing details and revert with an update within 24 hrs of having received the input from ARJ. Any re-nomination or COD is chargeable as per Tariff. D-5 Vessel Bunkering, Repair, and Supply of Provision Vessel bunkering, repair and provisioning activities have to be communicated to ARJ Planning Department at least 48 hrs before arrival of the vessel. These activities are only allowed after approval of ARJ an d are subject to safety and earnest procedures issued by the Port.These activities should not delay the vessel stevedoring operation and must be completed within the operational working time of the vessel unless otherwise agreed. Only in exceptional(a) cases may the stevedoring operations be stop or the vessel port time extended because of these activities. Section E Break Bulk and Over Dimensional Cargo E-1 Requirements The Shipping line is expected to provide information at least 48 hrs in advance of the vessel arrival to the ARJ Planning and Operations Department on any break-bulk activity on vessels that is planned at ARJThe following Information has to be provided Arrival / Ongoing transportation via water / via land manipulation by Container Gantry Crane / External Crane Piece count Measurements Cargo Description Weight Position on Vessel pure(a) description including sketches, diagrams, photographs etc in jpeg / bmp format Customs Approval Confirmation For over dimensional unitised cargo, the shipping line is expected to provide a complete Out of Gauge manifest as part of the documentation submitted for a vessel call.Undeclared, wrongly declared, poorly stowed or incorrectly packaged break-bulk or over dimensional cargo is subject to a fine as per Tariff. Port has the option of measuring and/or weighing the cargo to check the measurements and/or weight. The Port will provide warehouse for storing this cargo if required at no additional charge subject to availability. Any other equipment required for yard handling will be chargeable as per Tariff. Loading or Discharging and Quay Handling will be charged as per the applicable charges of the Tariff.Free time will apply as per the tariff for over dimensional containers, and storage charges will apply as per the tariff for over dimensional containers based on the length. E-2 Restrictions Waterside handling restrictions are always subject to specific approval from ARG Planning and Operations Dep artments but approximately are as under Dimensions Height Length Width Weight 10 m 18 m 6 m 65 MT Shipping lines are expected to taken to take approval from the terminal prior acceptance of bookings involving break-bulk and over dimensional cargoes.Section F Direct Deliveries For exceptional cases there exists a possibility for accepting or delivering containers under the twitch for direct loading / discharging. For safety reasons this activity will have to conform to with ARJ Rules and Regulations. The Port should be advised at least 24 hrs before the arrival of the vessel at the Pilot put up of any planned direct address containers. The following information should be provided Container ID Time of delivery Contents of the container Hazardous Details (IMO Class, UN No. and Manifests as required Port of Salalah will inform the Line about the expected time of loading or discharge of the container. The requested direct delivery has to be confirmed to ARJ three (3) hrs before arrival of the vessel. Section G Dangerous Cargo The shipping line bears the full responsibility for compliance to all rules and regulations governing the handling and transportation of Dangerous Cargo. Packing, labeling, declaration, stowage and documentation have to watch over with the IMDG Rules and Regulations for Sea Containers as well as local laws and any directions given by local and Port Authorities.The Dangerous Cargo Manifest has to be provided to ARJ Planning Department at least 24 hrs before vessel arrival. The Line is responsible for content and sufficiency of the manifest. ARG will stow breakneck cargo container on the vessel as per instructions from the Line. Dangerous cargo containers pay additional charges for loading and discharging as per Tariff. Handling dangerous goods containers belonging to IMO classes 1 and 7 require special attention and permissions from the terminal and other competent authorities.Dangerous cargoes requiring special handling will be ent itled to cut down free-time as compared to normal containers and will be subject to separate storage rates as per Tariff. Section H Leakage / Spillage of Cargo Leakage of cargo contents from a container can be reported either by the shipping line on receiving information from the vessel or by ARJ staff while they are handling it in the terminal. On being made aware of a leakage, the shipping line will immediately advise its nominated surveyor to carry out a survey of the leaking container in conjunction with ARJ Health, Safety, warrantor Environment Department.On receiving the surveyors report, the shipping line will be responsible for taking necessary travel to arrange for re-packing of cargo through third party contractors or alternatively for cross-stuffing of cargoes, as per the advice received from the surveyor. Onward movement of such cargo from ARJ will be strictly subject to clearance from ARJ, that the leakage has been stopped and container is cargo and sea worthy for onward transport. Spillage of cargo will be solely on account of the shipping line as will a penalty charge applied as per tariff till corrective action is taken to stop the leakage.Section I Container Freight Station Activities ARJ has capabilities for container cargo rework, cross stuffing and CFS activities. Arrangements can be made via the CFS Co-ordinator. Section J Weighbridge Port has a weighbridge and shipping line can issue instructions for any container to be weighed at charges as per tariff. Section K Miscellaneous Services Port can offer various services such as sweeping containers, fitting or removing tarpaulins, knocking down ends of flatbeds, bundling flatbed containers, applying or removing placards, fixing seals etc, all of which are chargeable as per tariff.Section L Damage and Claims The Damage Claims Section of ARJ is responsible for relations with damages caused to the shipping lines equipment, its vessels or to port facilities, equipment or its personnel. L-3 Damage Caused by Third Parties If damage is caused to containers or vessels by parties other than ARJ, then ARJ will undertake repairs only at the specific request of the shipping line at its risk and account. L-4 Damage to Port Facilities/Equipment/PersonnelThe shipping line will be richly responsible for all costs and consequence arising due to any damage caused by it, to port facilities, equipment or personnel. Section M Longstanding Cargo Consignments remaining in the port in excess of the following periods will be subject to auction. Any cargo, for which the respective Port and Customs charges have not been paid will be considered frustrated and may be auctioned and sold by ARJ after the following time periods One Month Refrigerated Containerized Cargo and other cargo considered perishable Three Months All other Containerized Cargo Section N Reefer Containers Live reefers will be plugged and unplugged as a standard activity in the stevedoring operations subject to av ailability of connections, at the temperature setting advised by the Line. Reefer supervise and fear is carried out by the Container Service section of the Maintenance Services Department, and is chargeable as per tariff (charge includes electric supply). Monitoring of reefer containers is carried out at least every 8 hrs and any faults will be immediately reported to the Line.Export reefers can be pre-cooled if required and electric supply/monitoring charges commence from the time of plug-in. The Port can arrange PTI (Pre-Trip Inspection) of reefer containers and also can retrieve temperature data from the reefer data logger, both activities chargeable as per Tariff. Section O Port Safety and Security O-1 Rules Regulations The Port of Salalah Rules Regulations is issued by the Port Authorities and applies to all users of the Port. The complete document is available on the Port of Salalah Website. Container Terminal Operational Guidelines Issued 1 stMarch 2007 30 O-2 Internatio nal Ship and Port Security (ISPS) The Port of Salalah is certified as fully compliant with all requirements laid down under the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS). All vessel operators are expected to fulfil requirements pertaining to their role as specified in the ISPS Code. O-2. 1 ISPS Measures by Port of Salalah Port of Salalah has designated a Port Facility Security Officer (PFSO) and a Deputy PFSO (DPFSO) as point of contact for all issues pertaining to ISPS rules and regulations for the Port of Salalah. O-2. 2 ISPS Requirements for the Line Shipping Agents must submit ISPS vessel certification, ETA of the vessel, Crew list, estimated port stay and last 10 ports of calls to the Port conceal 48 hrs prior to vessel arrival. This information is to be sent to email& one hundred sixtyprotected com The Ships Security Officer must submit a completed firmness of purpose of Security (DOS) of the vessel through the shipping agent to the Port Security Officer for endorsement upon berthing. Enquiries on the Port Security Level are to be directed to HSSE department. All users of port facilities must display facility passes at all times while at the facility.To apply for pass, please contact the HSSE department Port users must stop at all facility access control for Security check. Any violation will result in rejection of facility access For further information / illumination please feel free to contact the Port Facility Security Officer. Tel. 968 23219500 ext 466 / 409 / 406 O-3 X-Ray Inspection of Containers Port of Salalah has modern X-Ray screening facilities, and in case any container is required to be screened, the Line should advise the Port who will make the necessary arrangements, which is chargeable as per Tariff.

Mythology and literature Essay

The definition of mythology is deprived from the word myth. The word itself comes from the Greek word mythos, which means fable, legend or sagas. The word myth is a story that seeks to rationalize the universe and the manhood around us, passed down orally from generation to generation apologiseing religious roue, natural phenomena or spectral event. allegoryology is a collection of myths that concerns with cosmogony and cosmology, shared by a ill-tempered fiat at few functionicular time in human history. literary productions is a body of written works of language, period or culture. lit can be divided into fiction (e.g. fairty tale, gothic, saga etc) and non-fiction (e.g. es prescribes, journal, science fiction etc). in that respect are many distinctive natures of mythology and they seek to describe what a particular person or society believe during that period of time. fables serves as an necessitate for their institutions, customs and beliefs. The typical mythology i s the explanation of the universe and its ethology. Normally, the setting is set in a previous proto- macrocosm (simliar to the current world but besides several(predicate)) and they practically revolve around non-human or extroadinary throng such as god, goddess, supernatural beings (e.g. zeus, adam and eve, prometheus etc). These story explains wherefore liaisons are and how they became to be. It rationalised our way of thinking, reconcile us to reality and establishes our pattern of life. Apart from the explanation of the initiation of the universe, mythologies seek to explain e preciseday natural phenomena.Certain myths explains way the sun exist and why there is night and day. Some explains the existance of seasons Spring,Winter,Summer and Autumn while others shows of mother nature providing us with food and shelter. These myth suggest a way of soul nature and organizing thoughts. For example, structualism recognizes different contrasting aspect (light and dark, good/ev il) as centres to myths which charters for mixer order or value within a society (functionalism). novel defend been created by human beings for many reasons over thousands of years. They are an clever product of humanity and a rich resource for the ideas and belief of departed generations. Their extroadinary and unbelievable aspect combined with the constant thought that there major power be something out their is what keeps mythology functioning and is what keeps literature moving. in that respect are also many differences between literature and mythology. For instance, they were used for different purposes and existed in different times. Myth several purposes, including to socially/politically control society (e.g. to blossom a myth nearly something to control people, to scare people when facts were non available). Literature on the other hand, is more to the highest degree persuading and informing people. There are also other benefits to mythology that cannot be achie ved in literature, such as there is no boundary to the world, there is no such thing as put on and there is low risk of any maven challenging your theory. The sets of beliefs also differ and the way they view the world differs. For example, literatures auditory sense are educated new-made people while mythologys one and only(a) is from the old generation where there was not much information about the world and how it works. This would mean that the two different texts have different think audience which would inevitably show why they differ so much. twain are products of humans but during different time frame.The arrival of the modern era would inevitably mean the death of mythology. The transformation from one to other was the belief that myth was useless, false and outmoded and that it did not work. invite (regarded as a fictional literature) was the objective explanation of how the world around us work while the subjective myth was about faith and believing something unf ounded. Scientific rational thought was base on empricial knowledge, a priori (not falsifiable) and our way of thinking is based on facts. Myth is ultimately a different knowledge, an ideology, a set of belief.Systems of myths have provided a cosmological and historical framework for societies that have lacked the more school knowledge provided by modern science. Myth is related to science, however it besides provide basis for a theory, not knowledge. For example the myth of how the origin was created would have lacked modern day rational scientific belief because they would pick a more true, superior and more authority theory, which is the full-size bang theory. Our modern rational paradigm thought is based on observation. Scientific rational thinking is based on logic to work up or explain how the world works and as it becomes a part of our everyday thinking, mythology will be inevitable cast aside.Carl Jung invented modern scientific theory and for him, the world of dream, and myth represented the most fascinating and promising road to deeper down the stairsstanding. The significance of literature in mythology as said We acquire the stories of myth to make sense of the confusion of our society and our own psyches. Myth voices the truths of our unconscious selves, and the gods, goddesses, and heroes of myth embody aspects of creativity, cleverness, grief, joy, aggression, and ecstasy. Carl Jung believes that even the most sophisticated and in-chief(postnominal) literature requires some mythological aspect. (E.g. the Lord of the Ring depends on mythic characteristic to drives the ideas horror movies have a message and some urban myth taps into childs fear of a bogyman under the bed)Northrop Frye criticises literature and states the importance of cultural myth vestigial literature (E.g. Sea, land and sky, control, creation, decay, regeneration, our fear). Mythology evokes our sub-conscious mind (e.g. dream) which is employed by reference to mytholo gy in literature. Frye states that mythology provided themes for some of the worlds greatest drama, and similar themes can be traced back to the Renaissance literature, through to Shakespeare (E.g. Hamlet, Midsummer Nights Dream) and finally to modern poem and thus mythology plays a significance social occasion with literature. One could even say that literature is based on mythology.Karen Armstrong book A Short memorial of Myth is about how literature and mythology were shaped by the problems of the society people lived in. Armstrong states that the existence of Mythology from an early period Human beings fall easily into despair, and from the very beginning we invented stories that enabled us to place our lives in a larger setting, that revealed an underlying pattern, and gave us a sense that, against all the depressing and chaotic prove to the contrary, life had meaning and value.With the coming of the great revolutions in human experience science was used to explain facts as opposed the theory of myth, which became useless, false and outmoded. Literature, which could explain things that was never thought possible, was regarded as the next step from mythology (from an uneducated society to a civilized society).The relationship between literature and mythology is one of similarities as well as differences. They are both important creation by human beings and will continue to play an important role in the intellectual world. Literature will always include some aspect of myth which will continue to shape our modern world like it did in the past.

Linguistics and Language Essay

In this set about, I go out explain as well as comp atomic number 18 twain theories of graduation exercise lyric poem accomplishment, mienism and innatism. I testament research the differences between them in much(prenominal) categories as the single-valued function of the bookman, the role of the milieu and as well as their strengths and weaknesses. I give then state and explain which single I find much(prenominal)(prenominal) than reason adequate to(p) with vitrines of relevant literature. Role of the Learner Behaviorism, attri simplye to B. F. Sk cozy in the 1950s, states that the bookman knows vigor to start with, he is an empty destine o1 to be taught.The scholarly person is inactive and reads by lordly-negative reinforcement, exclusively repeating what he hears. Innatism, attri scarcelye to Noam Chomsky in 1965, states that the recorder is wired from stemma for phrase. The ticker is equipped with a LAD, a spoken verbiage acquisition device . This device all t previous(a)ows the learner to disc all over the rules of his talking to, any row. Role of the environs Behaviorism states that the role of the surround is stake on and racy to the training surgical operation. The environment is the fighting(a) agent epoch the learner is the passive agent. The environment produces the necessary phraseology gossip for the learner.It is up to the environment to give positive and negative reinforcement for the learner. Innatism states that the role of the environment is minimal beca single-valued function it l iodine(prenominal) acts as the set forth for erudition. It is likewise thought the environment is blemish and cant be relied upon to unendingly give perfect information. in that locationfore, it is up to the learner to find the rules of the deliveryo2 . Strengths There be a few strengths to support the behaviorism surmise. It is promiscuous to monitor the learners performance. This is how p arnts (as teachers) designly teach their s adoptrren, d matchless with(predicate) with(predicate) nurturing which puts emphasis on the role of the environment.This guess can similarly explain wherefore learners occupy the ability to memorize. On the different hand, in that respect argon several strengths of the innatism system. A learner can non memorize all the feasible different spoken actors line and grammar combinations that he learns by dint of the environment. The LAD abets the learner to customaryize rules and go his own creative use of the phraseology. A infant will resist use an irregular form because of over-generalizing, and he will ca-ca his own form of a article harmonise to the rules that he has home(a)ized. And these rules tiret necessarily conform to cock-a-hoop grammar rules which include umpteen a(prenominal) exceptions.By applying these internalized and generalised rules, a small fry is able to cause a run-in at a fast pace. o3 Weaknesses The Behaviorism conjecture entirely level statements for the performance of the learner, and non on his competence. The learner is passive, so this theory does not tension on the learners see and knowledge. It in like manner does not explain wherefore pip-squeakren acquire a row communication so quickly even if they ar open to different environments. In addition, this theory also doesnt forwarder an explanation of why infantren over-generalize rules such as the simple foreg unmatchable sieve of irregular verbs even though they hear irregular forms in the environment.There be also several weaknesses to the Innatism theory. oneness of the first weaknesses is that it demands the mankind beings of the wording erudition Device (LAD), its existence is difficult to set up and is immeasurable. This theory also doesnt regaining into account different kinds of learners, just r arfied learners with ideal grammar. The environment plays a youngster role in this theory , so it doesnt take into account the favorable verbal apprehensionualization of the learner. My Opinion Looking at the twain of these theories, I find the Innatism theory the most tenable. In my own hear with my clawren and students, the learners do not al commissions model my behavior.This usually occurs with irregular chassiss, particularly prehistoric tense verbs. This is similar to the wug test where a child will form a past tense of a verb that he has neer heard before by applying the general grammar rules that he has lettered. This behavior cannot be memorized and mustiness be driven by an internal bodily structure. An separate reason to support this theory is that learners with impaired intelligence start out been able to learn the structure of wording. It has also been turn out that American Sign spoken communication which is taught to the deaf(p) also has its own spoken communication structure. In addition, the creation of Creole spoken communications su pports the theory.As a Creole maturates, grammar and structure are create in. The LAD would account for the formation of these lyrics as well as for creative uses of phraseology by a learner. Conclusion In this essay I throw explained dickens theories of language acquisition, behaviorism and innatism. In doing so, I set out explained the different roles of the learner as well as the environment. I expect also explored strengths and weaknesses of each theory and why I support the innatism theory over the behaviorism theoryo4 . o1Good one, I forgot this in my essay o2Do you think you should mention indigence of remark here? o3ording? cosmopolitan grammar is built off of deuce propositions, that all languages are governed by a set of universal principles, and that the sound judgement is equipped with parameters which are set intuitively by the child tally to the language input they receive. UG researchers go for found a number of universal principles. One of the to a grea ter extent prominent principles is structure colony. Structure dependency states that all sentences regardless of the language are built off of propositions that carry two a noun and a verb phrase in other spoken language, every sentence in every language must stick out at least a paper and a verb (Chomsky, 1959).One parameter place setting that is contained in the LAD is the read/write head setting. few languages such as English are head first, other languages such as Japanese are head last. various(a) creases bewilder been used to support the existence of universal grammar. Chomsky (1959) has proposed the poverty of the stimulus occupation, positing that the input children receive cannot account for what they produce, and in that locationfore, children must have an innate facility. He argues that the input is impair in two ways first it contains a hodgepodge of performance slips, and upholdly, it does not contain any negative evidence.How do children acquire language when they dont know what they cant say, or how do they learn to speak decent when the input they here is at multiplication in correct? They do so, according to Chomsky, through this innate capacity. Jackendoff (1994) offers other debate in support of universal grammar, the argument from expressive variety. Jackendoff argues that given that languages are recursive, there is simply no way of storing all of the possible sentences one can create in ones mind. In other words, sentences dont issue forth from ha musical compositions, but rather from creative expression.Universal grammar has had a lot of capital in language acquisition theory, although it has been critiqued on few fronts. Connectionists, particularly, N. Ellis (2006) has argued that language acquisition is not repayable to an innate faculty and the creative expression of humans, but equates it to a usage-based approach where children eruditeness piecemeal frequently reoccurring chunks of language. Another argument ag ainst the innate language faculty is that UG researchers have claimed that exclusively humans have find to syntax, however this has been found not to be true.Certain animals, such as the hunchback whale and songbirds have been found to get a recursive syntax, suggesting that syntax and language may have evolved from lower ordering primates. Whereas universal grammar begins with language from the inside, Sociocultural theory, another prominent first language acquisition, posits language acquisition begins from the outside. Vygotsky, the founder of sociocultural theory, argues that language is a psychological in additionl, which children acquire and learn to manipulate as they interact with their environment and with more capable peers (Vygotsky, 1978).Children first learn language as they interact with their parents. Parents use caretaker words, which makes it easier for the child to understand and grasp a hold on the c at oncepts of the language. As the child begins to unde rstand and produce simple utterances, they are able to use the language to negotiate their psychological functioning (Vygotsky, 1978). Vygotsky argues that children begin acquire language by first acquire single words, which are pure meaning. As they develop their language skills, and engage in social vernacular, single word sentences are augmented through incorporation of non-meaningful elements, such as function words, and the childs thoughts and words begin to develop more sense meanings. For instance, where the word cat for the 1 or two year old child could have served as an standard for all cats, by the time the child is nine, and having undergone a variety of experiences related to cat, they have imbibed the word with their own unique senses. consequently syntax and word senses expand, the more a child learns. Now, whereas social speech began from one and developed into many, inner speech, the speech that goes on inside of our heads becomes more and more truncated.V ygotsky argues, unregenerate to Piaget, that self-absorbed speech does not melt rather it becomes internalized as inner speech. And this inner speech is aroundthing that could not be mute by anybody but the person who is view it. Vygotsky suggests that just as people who have known each other for many years, and who have had a large summate of experiences together exhibit language tendencies of telescoped syntax because of their historical dispensed experience, a persons inner speech also exhibits this characteristic, but even more so the stuff of thought is vigor but psychological predicates (Vygotsky, 1978).One of the primal ways humans learn anything, according to Vygotsky, is through the zone of proximal development. This concept explains that what a person can do today with assistance, they can do tomorrow by themselves (Vygotsky, 1978). Applied to first language acquisition, the child may receive help from an expert, such as their parents, who acid at objects and say their name, for example, cat. After seeing this, the child may repeat cat straight off after. The next day, as the child sees the cat, it says the word cat without needing to be told by their parents.Chomsky maintains that languages lie down of an infinite number of sentences and cannot be learned through habit formation. Language is too building complex to be learned in such a short bar of time (Chomsky, 1959). He believes that every human is born with an innate language learn capacity, which is embedded in the language acquisition device (LAD). Chomsky believes that all language appoint grammatical structures. This is called universal grammar (UG). Proof of UG includes poverty of stimulus, which explains how children acquire the language despite their throttle exposure and incorrect input they may receive.Another evidence for UG that languages are recursive, (Jackendoff, 1994). It is unsufferable to know all the possible combinations however, they are learned by children. According to UG, there must be some fall apart of innate capacity that provides the additional information. The point that children are tolerant to correction once again proves that language is developed through an innate capacity. According to Chomsky (1959), all languages share principles, which are invariable across languages. For example, noun phrases and verb phrases. This is called structure dependency.All languages have verbs and nouns. What distinguishes languages from each other according to Chomsky, are parameters, which are language specific. For example, some languages are head first, and some are head last. In analogy to UG, Eric Lenneberg (1967) introduced the Critical compass point Hypothesis (CPH), which is a window of language learning prospect before puberty. Proponents of CPH believe after this period, language learning becomes a much more difficult task and grownups tend to depone on other mechanisms such as problem closure skills, reasoning, and deducti ve focussing to learn a language.Evidence of the CP is for example abused children, who despite being removed from the environment where they were deprived of social contact, were not able to learn the language. There have been many criticisms to Chomskys UG, for example, the LAD cannot be located and is immeasurable. Also, Chomskys theories overlook the personal effects of social contact and the environment on language learning. Social interactionist Vygotsky (1978) was a warm proponent of the social interaction hypothesis. He believed that learning takes place through social interaction, and give and take of information with caregivers, parents, or peers. According toVygotsky, children begin with external speech, which could make up of one word only, but have the meaning of a whole sentence. Gradually, as the child grows older, he develops more complex and longer sentences and associates more meaning with his words. A child also engages in sequestered speech (similar to adult s), which is usually meant for problem solving or thinking out forte, but is not meant for sharing although articulated. Vygotsky believes that as the child develops more linguistic skills, this private speech becomes internalized and turns into inner speech, which is pure meaning, and does not dwell of subjects it is predicated.In direct opposition to the environment being the active participant in language learning, Chomsky flips behaviorism on its head and presents the learner as having a particular role while environment becomes secondary. deep down the Universal Grammar theory (UG), Noam Chomsky (1959) presents a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) that is responsible for the language learning process. Purely biological, language is filtered through the innate LAD that is structured with principles that are unchanging and parameters that vary according to the language being learned.Proofs to support this theory are many. Syntax and the head-first/head-last parameter are two such proofs. As a child learns language, they hold to one of only two possibilities in any given language head-first and head-last and language is formed through recursion and syntactic movement that follow a pattern within a particular language. This shows that language is rule-governed and that the LAD is programmed with language foundations from which a child can develop. That children are resistant to correction follows this same thought as they develop language through the LAD. Language is not linked to intelligence as we see in forefront dishonored adults who are alone coherent in language skills and others who are cognitively normal but cannot speak correctly. Stroke victims also show that, depending on the area of the brain that is affected, intelligence and speech are not linked. Brocas and Wernickes Aphasias show that sealed areas of the brain affect speech while intelligence be unaffected. As evidence by the Gopnik family, genetic impairments have also proven th at a glitch in the UG can be passed down from one generation to another, thus proving that the LAD is so biological (Jackendoff, 113).Eric Lennebergs Critical Period Hypothesis (1967) and the cases of wild children are yet further evidence. Lenneberg holds that the LAD becomes dormant or ineffective after a certain age around the age of 12 and this is why children acquire language so much more quickly than adults who are attempting the same. finished these studies of particular children who did not learn language and who were void of contact with language as a whole, it shows that the younger the child, the more fully they were able to learn language. in one case a child was passed the age of 12 or so, they were unable to acquire suitable language skills.The younger children were not only able to learn more adequately but then went on to keep up in the language learning process as a normal adult would. As many proofs as there are for Chomskys UG and the LAD, criticisms are fu ll as well. First and foremost, where is the evidence that a device like LAD exists? It sure has not been located in the brain, and so, it remains immeasurable and some have earnest doubt as to its legitimacy. This theory also limits the role of the environment and gives no account for the social context of the language learning process.It idealizes the speaker and the grammar itself to a certain stop and packages the entire process a bit too neatly. Cognitive Development Theory Jean Piagets (1955) work in cognitive development is foundational on many levels. Watching his own children, nature, and certain orbit groups of young children, Piaget introduces a theory that is completely developmental. As a child is make believe and developed (both biologically and cognitively), they are able to assimilate, accommodate and adapt modernistic experiences. primal in this theory is reasoning and logic.The role of the environment is minimal and the learner is vital but only as they are cognitively developed and ready for juvenile experiences. A child will not learn what they are not cognitively developed to receive at that point no matter what the instruction. Piaget holds to the notion of children underdeveloped schema. As a new experience is received and they are biologically and cognitively ready to receive it, they will develop new schema to fit into the simulation of schema that they already have developed. This theory also relies heavily on swellhead and socialized speech with each one serving a different function. selfish speech is what is used (mainly by children) when words and thoughts are spoken out loud but the one speaking is only dealing with their own thoughts and ideas. Socialized speech is a shift away from egocentric speech where one simply derives delight from speaking to being a way of exchanging their ideas or opinions. Although Piagets work and theory is critical, it neither accounts for the childs behavior as a whole nor for the cognit ive development after the stage of chunk operation is reached. It offers vast insight into the developmental process of a child but little instruction on attaining language skills.It was also based solely on a Western model and is therefore quite limiting. SECOND LANGUAGE skill Input & proceeds Hypotheses As a result of older models of language teaching where attention was given to language grammar, Krashen (1981) places his focus on communication input. He contends that if the learner is given a chance to absorb the language, they will be meliorate equipped to acquire it. Rather than forcing issue immediately, Krashen holds to a silent period where learners have the privilege of just listening to language before attempting itmuch like a young child would in learning their mother tongue.Comprehensible input (i + 1) is the practice that Krashen holds to for optimal language learning for second language learners (SLLs). This states that if a SLL is offered input that is only slightly beyond what they already know, acquisition will take place. He also makes a differentiation between language learning and language acquisition, claiming that acquisition is what is essential for the language learning process. Criticisms of Krashens hypothesis are that input alone cannot account for acquisition and that some grammatical forms cannot be learned without being taught.Swain (1985) introduces her Output Hypothesis in contrast to Krashen and claims that no matter the input, if the output is unintelligible, acquisition has not truly occurred. It is the output that forces learners to grapple with the grammatical processing and figure out what works. Through output, a learner can enlighten their problem areas, can experiment with new areas they are unsure of, and gives them the chance to crumble problems they are having in their language learning process.