How to Choose Your Topic Essay Essay

Good evening Ladies and Gentleman , my name is Adam Maljan. Before we proceed , I would like to ask all of you a simple question . Have any of you had any difficulties on choosing a topic when you are asked to present to an audience ? If your answer is yes , then Do Not Worry . Because you see i. Choosing a topic for a speech is no easy thing to do . Especially if you are a student preparing a speech for your subject . ii. I myself had a hard time in choosing a topic for a public speaking event when I was in my 2nd semester as a diploma student . It took me days just to find the right topic which everyone can understand and relate to easily. Today , I would like to talk to you about how to choose or at least narrow down your choices of topic using the simple criteria of Knowing your theme , Listing and narrowing Down and researching and gaining confidence. The first criteria in order to choose your topic is that you should know your theme. For example , the seminar you were invited to talk to is about Health . But Health, as we all know, is a general topic , there are multiple subtopics that you can relate to with health ,some are maintaining a healthy lifestyle , how to reduce the risk of heart disease, effects of obesity and many more . So if this situation happens to you . Please do not panic , because once you identify your theme or topic using the general topic given to you, you can now look at your audience and use them to determine your decision on which topic to present . For example, if your audience is mostly teenagers , then you can choose the topic on maintaining a healthy lifestyle topic , but if it is mostly senior citizens , then it is better for you to choose the topic on how to reduce the risk of heart disease. The same goes with women or children .

Jainism vs. Sikhism Essay

Read the assigned chapters for the week and complete the following table. Be as specific as possible when identifying practices, beliefs, rituals, and historical elements. Cite sources in APA formatting. Core Beliefs Jainism Sikhism 1. Ahimsa – principle of noninjury 1. Naam Japna – remembering god through meditation 2. Sathya – truth 2. Kirat Karo – earning a honest living 3. Asteya – non stealing 3. Vand chakko – sharing income & resources. Selflessly serving others. 4. Brahmacharya – celibacy 5. Apigraha – non acquisition Part 2 Respond to the following questions in 150 to 200 words: 1 What do you think is the most important similarity and which is the most important difference? Use specifics to support your answer. Both faiths originated from the same part of the world. They are expected to be tolerant of all faiths and don’t believe that one path has the monopoly on the truth. Janism Sikhism – vegetarian because they belive believe it brings them closer to spirituality. – they have and order of monks and nuns – they practice the Caste system – polythetic religion – are not vegetarians they believe that eating meat doesn’t block your spirituality. – is bound to truth at all times and practices god conscience. – rejects the caste system and believes in gender equality. – monotheistic religion. Consider the following statement: Sallekhana (â€Å"holy death†) violates the Jain principle of ahimsa because it is an act of violence against oneself. Using examples from Ch. 5 of your text, what points might a follower of Jainism make to argue against this statement? Jains will prepare themselves after they have reached their virtue. They will walk into rivers, lakes, and oceans as well as starve themselves when they become elderly with the help of their families.

Herman Melville Research Paper

Herman Melville stands among America’s greatest authors. Most people recognize Melville as the author of Moby Dick, one of the most well known American novels, one that he did not receive appreciation for until many years after his death. Almost all of Melville’s masterpieces included blends of symbolism, adventure, fact, and fiction. He based many novels on past experiences (primarily long sea explorations) and personal adventures. Not only did he capture the reader with his intense, vivid imagination, but he also conveyed his own philosophies and beliefs through quotes from the Bible and exceptional symbolism.Although Melville is widely known as an extraordinary author today, he was not considered to be as exceptional back then. He was born into a middle class family in New York City on August 1, 1819 (South). Herman’s father was a merchant from New England while his mother came from an old New York Dutch family. A little over ten years into his life, Melvilleà ¢â‚¬â„¢s father died shortly after experiencing financial and mental breakdowns. Now the â€Å"man of the house,† Melville had to take on the challenge of providing the family with a stable income to keep them healthy.He took on a variety of jobs for the next nine years, including being a clerk for his brother’s hat store, working in his uncle’s bank, teaching school in Massachusetts, and, perhaps the most impactful job in his early life, sailing to England as the cabin boy on a merchant ship. Instantly falling in love with the sea, Melville wrote about his voyage as a cabin boy in his novel Redburn. This â€Å"adventure† inspired Melville to continue his career at sea. When he returned to America, he joined the crew of â€Å"Acushnet,† a brand new whaling ship, soon to set sail in the Pacific Ocean (South).This voyage was perhaps the most influential expedition Melville ever took part in. Using the experiences, newly learned whaling knowledge, and stories from this specific adventure, Melville created several novels that were published later on in his life, including the world-famous Moby Dick. In all of his works, Melville reveals his own life in his creative writing style. His passion for whaling and sea voyages is presented in many of his novels, along with his internal desire to â€Å"unfold† himself and his whaling experiences, and also the portrayal of the man he wishes to be, through the descriptions of the major characters in his novels.Perhaps the most influential experiences in Melville’s life occurred on whaling ships. Ever since he was young, he was fascinated with sea life, and he eventually found â€Å"his way onto the whaling ship Acushnet in 1841 that would provide the experiences detailed in most of Melville’s repertoire† (â€Å"Melville†). He â€Å"spent a considerable amount of time on the seas as a sailor, and much of it in the South Seas’ whaling industry. Hence Melville’s favorite stories had that maritime orientation† (â€Å"Herman†).He spent many years of his life on ships traveling to and from several different countries; thus, his extensive experiences as a seaman was certainly brought out in his novels. Melville often wrote about his own journeys, like his â€Å"second book entitled, â€Å"Omoo, A Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas†, published in 1847 which was based on another whaling journey Melville took part in† (â€Å"Herman†). Melville, on another adventure, â€Å"was captured and held for several months by the Typees; when he returned unscathed, friends encouraged Melville to write the escapade down† (â€Å"Herman†).On several of these expeditions, Melville had many near-death incidents that almost cost him his life, but inspired him to record them first-hand in his novels using dramatic sentence structure that captures the reader’s attention. Melville was th e type of writer that wrote whatever came to his mind, â€Å"however, it was his adventures as a seaman in 1845 that inspired Melville to write† (â€Å"Herman†). His â€Å"experience on the island as a prisoner of the Typees caused Melville to write his first novel based on that experience† (â€Å"Melville†).Melville loved to entertain his readers with exhilarating stories about his struggles at sea, and also the near-death encounters he experienced on his journeys. Overall, Melville was greatly inspired by his sea voyages throughout his life, and based most of his novels around his passion, whaling. On the other hand, Melville also had the desire to â€Å"open† and examine himself, and perhaps the human race itself, in writing his novels. Melville was highly impacted by his courageous adventures aboard ships, but ultimately â€Å"it was his desire to â€Å"unfold† himself that drove him to a writing vocation† (â€Å"Melville†) .Nathaniel Hawthorn, the author of The Scarlet Letter, aided Melville in his writing and â€Å"was very taken with Melville’s ability to delve deep into the human psyche and find what lay there and was very supportive in Melville’s continual unfolding†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Melville†). Not only did Melville capture the reader with intense drama, but he also grabbed the reader’s attention by â€Å"unfolding† his own opinions and beliefs in his writing so as to challenge the reader’s previous views on issues in life. Melville was so extensive in â€Å"the use of mythic figures, stories, and analogues, that his novels are inevitably interpreted as allegories† (â€Å"Billy†).He frequently â€Å"made the stories allegories instead of strict whaling adventures† (â€Å"Melville†). One specific goal that Melville deeply valued was to make readers examine themselves and question concepts people commonly do not consider, by secretly placing a hidden meaning, usually a moral, in his novels. Melville believed that â€Å"crucial to the structure and meaning was symbol. Melville, a thorough and serious Bible reader, dwells on biblical symbolism† (â€Å"Billy†). In Billy Budd, one of Melville’s most popular novels, the main character, Billy, was sent to be executed, but just before he dies, he utters his last words, â€Å"God bless Captain Vere!† (Melville).This is meant to symbolize Christ’s cry of forgiveness in the book of Luke – â€Å"Father forgive them for they know not what they do. † Religion played a major role in Melville’s life, and he dedicated several excerpts from his novels to reveal biblical themes or stories. All in all, Melville’s writing was not meant to just entertain the reader, but also to challenge the reader’s own views by â€Å"unfolding† his own philosophies through the use of symbolism and rhetorical devi ces.Lastly, the life of Melville shows up in his own writing through the descriptions and analyses of the major characters in his novels. He was thought to bring out his own ideas in the major characters from his stories and also to be â€Å"absorbing character traits from some of those visitors which later took life in his fiction† (L’Etoile). The major characters that Melville brought to life caused critics to speculate the he â€Å"adopted the â€Å"poignant, special† power in the narrator’s voice from another source† (L’Etoile).Melville was in many ways similar to the major characters he brought to life in his novels, primarily because he aspired to be like them, and thus shared comparable qualities. People have gone â€Å"a long way toward explaining the â€Å"special† character of the narrative voice as well as the compelling quality of the story that, to so many, has seemed so elusive† (L’Etoile). Melville’ s â€Å"artificial sentence construction parallels the narrator’s style of indirect communication† (Kemp).Through his unique sentence structure and characterization of important individuals in his stories, Melville alludes to the type of person he is and also the being he wants to become using indirect communication within his characters’ actions and words. Basing the majority of his masterpieces on sea life, Melville could easily express his inner self and philosophies through the creations of the characters in his novels. Throughout his life, Melville created many masterpieces and brought to life many characters. His own life is noticeably brought out in his works through his repeated ocean oriented novels.His novels like Moby Dick and Billy Budd challenged the ways people thought back then and today by relaying hidden morals to the audience. His analyses and descriptions of major individuals in his stories are indications of how Melville thought and who he wa s/wanted to be as a person. His desire to share his beliefs with the world led him to expand his writing career and create some of the most well known pieces today using exceptional symbolism, allusions, and plots. Melville changed American literature with his famous books and continues to be studied by students around the world today.

China History assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

China History assignment - Essay Example The feudal system of the Zhou was around 1045BC and came into being after defeating the Shang. Their economic activities were characterized by a well-defined system where noble men owned the lands while the peasant families were responsible for tiling. This phase had benefits of improving the commerce since it was commercialized. However, it led to class difference where a class of wealth merchants emerged. The open system of the Warring States lasted between 475–221 BCE and was characterized by technological advancement which benefited the people by producing large scale economic products. However, this period was characterized by rapid reforms which benefited only a class of people while the workers at the ground continued to get poorer. The other stage was the centralist system of the Qin which lasted between 221–206 BCE. This period witnessed rapid expansion of the Qin dynasty up to Vietnam in the south and Mongolia in the north. This period prides in establishing a standardized form of weight measurement, writing and length measurement. However, this period was also characterized by rebellions from the people after the death of their king which was the reason for the decline of Qin (Fong, 1995).

INDIAN NEGOTIATION STYLES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

INDIAN NEGOTIATION STYLES - Essay Example Its significance in business negotiations is however more important because it not only establishes understanding, but it derives advantages to the negotiating parties and the better a party can negotiate, the more benefits are derivable from the process. The research topic that explores negotiation strategies in the Indian culture is therefore important to stakeholders to international business involving the country, and its exploration promises a base for understanding communication strategies within the country’s culture. The research topic is further important, and therefore worth exploration, because of the Indian expanding economy that has become a center for international trade. International business entities have consequently shifted their attention to the country for either market for their products or for resources for production, and negotiation for better contracts is essential (Misra, 2009). Existence of diversified players from different countries with different culture further identifies the significance of culture on business negotiation in the country. Bowie’s exploration of the relationship between culture and business relations identifies awareness of communication styles across different nations as a factor to successful business relationships in the cultures. The author explains that such cultures are different across countries to indicate that a business negotiation between parties from different countries requires the parties understanding of each other’s culture (Bowie, 2007). An expression’s meaning in one culture may be different from its perceived meaning in another culture as has been noted in business negotiations between American managers and their counterparts from Asia and Middle East (Hooker, 2008). A study of negotiation strategies and traits in Indonesia has also identified the significance of understanding the country’s culture in order to benefit from business negotiations (Gray, 2010). Similar observations have

Life in the Digital Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Life in the Digital Age - Essay Example The development resulted in data transmission methods that had significantly faster speeds than the pre-existent methods of data transmission. In the end, the technology provided a fast and reliable method of communication that served as an alternative to the analogue communication tools of the day. Its pros facilitated its application in most of the communication of the world today. Telecommunications, television broadcasts, digital printing, and other major communication methods rely on digital methods in message transmission. In the last two decades, the development has been fast tracked with new communication methods such as the internet, social media, and online sharing coming into being. These have enabled worldwide connectivity with unrestricted sharing of all kinds of information. This has yielded a lot of benefits that have helped significantly in the covering of major milestones in the goal of global development and security. However, according to Cathy Davidson in Now You See It, the use of digital technology has also resulted in the social phenomenon of the generation having a paradoxical obsession with implications associated with living in the digital age. This raises the question â€Å"do we need to rethink and restructure the organization of our institutions so as to maximize the results because of the situation of the digital era?† Technology availability In the United States, investments into the technology industry has seen the availability of technology increase many folds as the population wants to access information and utility sites like social media. A PISA survey in 2006 showed that among pupils in the 15-year age bracket, over 95% frequently used a computer at home (Gros 26). The projections of this survey show that in 2013 this is a universal feature. The survey found that most of the children prefer the internet to all other media. The universal access has increased the overall time spent on screens with most teenagers spendin g a large portion of their time on social networks and texting using various gadgets. Television and video games are also a huge part of the lives of the young generation of today. This extends to young children under the age of six who are also accustomed to dealing with technologies. This shows that the young generation is accustomed to and views technology as a necessity in their lives. The development and use of the forms of digital technology has therefore succeeded in influencing the society in viewing it as a necessary part of life with some in the young generation relying heavily on it. This means it is necessary to have institutions of learning that consider this aspect of the young generation (Davidson 12). In comparison, the organization of institutions of learning tends to uphold teaching and assessment models that do not serve the new generation of students facing challenges in learning to think critically in the information overload era. In response, Davidson proposes that changes be made to the systems of learning to embrace digital technology in a fluid and participatory manner. One way of achieving this is the use of digital game-based learning technologies. Digital game based learning Digital game based learning (DGBL) is a method of instruction that applies principles of learning or content that is educational in digital technology in the form of video games aiming at engaging the student ("Digital game-based

China and the Bull-run Stock Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

China and the Bull-run Stock Market - Essay Example The paper tells that the entry of Chinese economy into the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 2001 is, no doubt, a significant event in the history of a world economy. It has given a boost to the pace of reform and opening up. The Sino economy has gathered further momentum. That was the reason that Chinese economy registered a real GDP growth of phenomenal 9.5 percent in 2004. China's status of "world factory" is the result of that impressive growth show. The excellent performance of economy paved a way to massive capital inflows and pushed country's foreign exchange reserves to more than 600 billion dollars in 2004. Where there is much to celebrate for Chinese, all is not well with this elephant economy of the world. If we analyzed then we came to know that China's bond market comprises of two major markets: the inter-bank bond market and the exchange market. Subsequent to further than ten years of expansion, China's bond market has turned out to be a multi-layered one in which the i nter-bank market plays the most important position, complemented by the exchange market. According to the expert analysis, China's soaring stock market is at risk of "a market correction" that could have a knock-on result on its whole banking system, the OECD said yesterday, adding its voice to a litany of bearish warnings on the country's split prices. The hazard has arisen despite enlargement of nearly 11 percent last year and a predictable speeding up in customer expenditure ahead, the Paris-based Organization for financial collaboration and growth said. No doubt, Chinese stocks seesaw in trade but shrugged off the caution from Mr. Greenspan and one more from the market watchdog. The Shanghai compound Index healthier its balance after an early fall of as much as 2 percent, to close down 0.54 percent at 4,151.13 points. Previous, it hit a record intraday high before Mr. Greenspan's comments turn out to be extensively known. Turnover in Shanghai a split was a huge 247.4 billion yua n (16.4 billion), the second-highest numeral to date. Though, neither the government declaration nor Mr. Greenspan's warning had any real collision on an investor's eager to income from the market's bull run. The most investors sight as strange the idea that the Government, which motionless wields enormous pressure over fund flows during administrative steps, would permit a crash. Analysts said that the marketplace might merge gains for a few days before resuming its scale. If the bubble were to pop, it could have a better impact on communal stability than any previous slump in the stock market's 16-year the past. There are now additional than 91m accounts held by individuals at brokers or in joint funds. Estimates for the number of investors differ extensively. At the height of the last marketplace boom, in 2001, there were 60m accounts but maybe fewer than 10m investors. There are surely lots of millions more now.

MIH 514 - Cross Cultural Health Perspectives (Mod 2 CBT) Essay

MIH 514 - Cross Cultural Health Perspectives (Mod 2 CBT) - Essay Example However, I feel this would do more harm than good. Although it is widely believed that English, being the most popular and frequently used language of most Americans and people of British origin, this by itself is not sufficient justification, by any stretch of imagination, to warrant an absolute and arbitrary enforcement to enforce this language on a member of a minority race, or a person with limited or no knowledge of this language. â€Å"Some employers impose restrictions against the use of a language other than English in their workplaces. Reasons given for the restrictions include: The use of a foreign language in a workplace is inappropriate; English has been made the official language of their state and safety and public relations require that only English be spoken.† (William, 1993, para.1). I believe that propagation of English language does not necessarily have to be made at the cost of denigrading other languages. Besides, placing any kind of imposition on the use or non-use of any language to propagate the usage of English, could be tantamount to Anglo mania, and needs to be unanimously condemned. The proposed rule is that they are going to vote on a policy that will require all employees to speak only English at all times in the work place. This is the culmination of events leading to increasing numbers of members of minority groups being hired by the organization and several complaints from employees and customers, which has caused a great deal of distress and anxieties to the majority members of the workforce. I am firmly of the view that an employment policy, or practice that applies to everyone, regardless of race, color, can be discriminatory, or illegal if any one of the following set of circumstances is envisaged: The United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, (EEOC) is committed to prevent any kind of discrimination in the workplace arising, inter alia, due to

Rising to the Call with Sound Political Leadership Research Paper

Rising to the Call with Sound Political Leadership - Research Paper Example Through wise decisions, meaningful and sincere rhetoric, and the ability to assert his authority as needed, President Abraham Lincoln was an example of a true leader within the American political landscape. Leadership in the political arena requires a certain amount of detachment from sentimentality so that decision making can be done without the burdens of emotions that will cause too long of hesitation in action. This doesn’t mean that emotions are not present, but that they can be controlled in order to act within a larger framework of the greater good. Vivian Holliday, professor of history from the College of Wooster, discusses the nature of leadership as it is presented through both Machiavelli and Socratic/Platonic principles. She states that: Machiavelli is the principal founder of a ‘realist’ theory of leadership that portrays politics as a pure struggle for power in which all moral considerations are set aside, and that focuses the theory and practice of leadership on success as measured solely in terms of the acquisition and maintenance of power and the protection and promotion of the interests of the nation-state or some other political collectivity† (Holliday 51). ... Holliday also includes in her discussion the more idealistic Socratic/Platonic concept of political leadership suggesting that it should be tempered with the Machiavellian concepts. Through this interpretation of political leadership, the leader is integrally connected to followers and to morals, his or her platform, and idealism defining a virtue with which he or she leads. Holliday states that â€Å"The rhetorical strategy of this image of the ideal philosopher-leader is again most visible when we consider critically the image of new leadership that is vested with Socratic/Platonic knowledge and virtue and that leads through dialogue and education† (63). This also suggests that beyond the connectivity to followers and morals, a good leader uses communication and academically founded intelligent consideration in leading his people through whatever conflict that arises.

Animal Testing for Medical Purposes Essay Example for Free

Animal Testing for Medical Purposes Essay To persuade the audience that animal testing is only ok if it is used for medical purposes only. Outline I. Introduction: A. Attention-getting device: Do you know anyone that has or had cancer? Or some other deadly disease? These diseases could be cured with a little more research and experimenting. How about painkillers? Have any of you had surgery and been under anesthesia? B. Preview: Those painkillers and cures could be or are thanks to researchers and their animal testing. I know what you’re thinking. Animal testing; bad and cruel. But, it is only cruel and unethical if it is used for useless, unimportant things, such as cosmetic testing. By using animals for MEDICAL purposes only, we could be saving millions of lives. II. Body A. Animal testing is something that a lot of Americans fear. However, they don’t know that in order to save people, it must be done. They need to know that it can benefit us and help us so much in the medical field. 1. Every year, thousands die from diseases, which could be prevented. a. Helps many medical issues such as cancer (Breast cancer, childhood leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, lung), HIV/AIDS, Heart Disease/Stroke (Statins, â€Å"Clot-busting agents), Diabetes, Parkinson’s Disease, Hepatitis C, Birth Defects, Bioterrorism Medical Countermeasures, Epilepsy, Spinal Cord Injuries, Cystic Fibrosis b. A 2001 report from the National Cancer Institute stressed the dire need for research relying on mouse models of lung cancer and focusing on understanding, preventing, and detecting lung cancer and developing novel targeted therapies for treating the disease. . A total of 1,660,290 new cancer cases and 580,350 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2013. This number could be cut drastically. 2. Animal testing can help not only those with diseases, but ordinary people. a. When some drugs aren’t tested, they can be very harmful, and often deadly to us. i. In 1937, a pharmaceutical company in the USA created a preparation of sulfa nilamide, using diethylene glycol (DEG) as a solvent, and called the preparation ‘Elixir Sulfanilamide’. DEG was poisonous to humans, but the companys chief pharmacist and chemist was not aware of this. He simply added raspberry flavoring to the sulfa drug, which he had dissolved in DEG, and the company marketed the product. The preparation led to mass poisoning causing the deaths of more than a hundred people. No animal testing was done. ii. .Another tragic drug fiasco occurred in the late 1950s and early 1960s with thalidomide. It was found to act as an effective tranquilizer and painkiller and was proclaimed a ‘wonder drug’ for insomnia, coughs, colds, and headaches. It was found to have an inhibitory effect on morning sickness, and hence, thousands of pregnant women took the drug to relieve their symptoms. Consequently, more than 10,000 children in 46 countries were born with malformations or missing limbs. The drug was withdrawn in 1961 and 1968 after a long campaign. (Transition: You can now tell that it is a crucial step) B. I’m not saying that animal testing should be used for everything, just for medical purposes. 1. People automatically assume that the animals are hurt a. The NIH funds over half of the medical research conducted in the US and regularly visits research facilities to ensure that staff are following animal care regulations. b. The USDA surveys the total number of animals being used for research and how many of these animals experience pain. According to them, only 6% of animals being tested experience pain. c. The Animal Welfare Act of 1966 is one of the laws that regulates animal care in research and exhibitions. This act is enforced by the USDA and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. . Some animals even benefit from it themselves. a. Animal research has been also able to benefit cats and dogs in certain ailments. Moreover, nutrition of cats and dogs has been improved after repeated animal tests. (Transition: Both humans and animals are helped by this. As you can see†¦) C. Animal testing could be the solution to the deaths of thousands. 1. If animal testing occurred, cancer, HIV, Heart disease, diabetes, Cystic Fibrosis , and many other conditions wouldn’t be a tragedy. a. nimal research is essential to tackling major 21st century health problems such as cancer and heart disease. Without the use of animals it would be impossible, in many cases, to develop drugs or any sort of medical treatment. Professor Sir George Radda (Transition: People like Professor Radda know all the pros and cons of animal testing, and has decided that it is very helpful. ) D. It’s important that you also know your facts about animal testing before you disagree with it 1. Do more in depth research on your own, and decide if we could’ve gotten this far, medically, without it. 2. If you research what kind of drugs and painkillers from the drugstore were tested on animals, you’ll see that you use some of those on the daily. a. Think about it: your allergy medicine, Advil and Tylenol, other painkillers, any asthma treatments†¦ All things that you would use daily are tested on animals b. If animal testing wasn’t done what would you do when you got a migraine, or an asthma attack, or itchy, puffy eyes from allergies? Would you be able to withstand it alone without any medicine? (Transition: You now know that†¦) III. Conclusion A. Summary: Animal testing is something that can help us greatly. People automatically assume that it is bad, but when it is used in the right situation, it can be really helpful. In the medical field, it has helped many issues such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, Heart disease, diabetes, birth defects, cystic fibrosis, and many more. B. Concluding Device: We must do what we need to, even if everyone doesn’t agree, in order to advance in the medical field.

The Importance Of Statistics In Scientific Research Philosophy Essay

The Importance Of Statistics In Scientific Research Philosophy Essay Today, we are living in the Information Age. We make many of our decisions, whether we intend to go out to sea to fish, buy a new computer, invest in projects, built a new resort, or even go to war, based on information that we gather. The more information we obtain, how fast we get them and how relevant they are will affect our decisions. However, more important than speed or amount of information is whether the information we got is real or reflects the truth or has been interpreted correctly. Unfortunatley, for various reasons, there are many information out there that is false, half-truths, misinterpreted or just made up, either intentionally or unintentionally. So how do we know that a certain information that we obtain is the truth? Is it the truth because Mr. X said so? Can we trust his words? Who is this Mr. X? Can we believe him just because he is the Prime Minister or President of the United States? How did he obtain this information in the first place? Has he got any ulter ior motive feeding you with this information? So we start to doubt. But if we are going to doubt every information that comes, then we will have a serious problem making our day to day decisions. Science There is a need for some mechanism where information generated from that mechanism has the highest probability of being true. This mechanism is called Science. Science comes from the Latin word scientia which means knowledge. So science is a system or mechanism of aquiring knowledge and is aimed at finding the truth. Scientists are in the business of generating new knowledge and it is important that the new knowledge refect what is true. That is why the scientific community demands that all scientists must possess a high level of integrity and honestly so that results from their research reflects the truth based on the facts gathered. If false information were allowed to be diseminated, in time, nobody will believe in information generated by the scientific community and that will be the end of science. To prevent this from happening, a set of guidelines were put in place to be followed by scientists in their acquisition of knowledge. It is thus very important for for young scientist s to follow the Scientific Method in their research investigations. As scientists, we also need to think scientifically. Our powers of reasoning must lead successfully to the most logical answers and reach reliable conclusions. Scientific thinking is based on three things i.e. the use of empirical evidence, practice logical reasoning and possessing a skeptical attitude. Empirical evidence is evidence that one can see, hear, touch, taste, or smell. It is evidence that others, besides yourself, can experience, and it is repeatable. Empirical evidence is the only type of evidence used by scientists to make decisions and reach sound conclusions. Logic is not an ability that we are born with. It is a skill or discipline that must be learned. Emotional, hopeful, and wishful thinking is more common than logical thinking because they are easier and more cogenial to human nature. Most individuals would rather believe something is true because they feel, hope, or wish it were true, rather than deny their emotions and accept that their beliefs are false. Posses sing a Skeptical Attitude is to constantly question your beliefs and conclusions. Good scientists constantly examine the evidence, arguments and reasons for their beliefs. A skeptic holds beliefs only tentatively, and will willingly discard them if new evidence can prove otherwise. We must have an open mind. Scientific Method Science is about discovering reliable knowledge about nature. Reliable knowledge is knowledge that has a high probability of being true because its veracity has been justified by a reliable method. The Scientific Method is a Process for evaluating knowledge to explain observable events in nature by natural causes without assuming the existence of the supernatural. Scientists use observations and reasoning to propose tentative explanations for natural phenomena, termed hypotheses. Predictions from these hypotheses are then tested by experiments, which should be reproducible. An important aspect of a hypothesis is that it must be falsifiable, i.e. it must be conceivable to prove the hypothesis to be false. Once a hypothesis is repeatedly verified through experiment, it is considered to be a theory and new predictions are based upon it. Scientific methods are means used by scientific communities for building supportable, evidence-based understandings of our natural world. There are four essential elements within a scientific method : Characterizations (quantifications, observations and measurements) Hypotheses (theoretical, hypothetical explanations of observations and measurements) Predictions (reasoning including logical deduction from hypotheses and theories) Experiments (tests of all of the above) A pragmatic scheme of the four above points is sometimes offered as a guideline for proceeding: Define the question Gather literature, information and resources Form your hypothesis Plan the experiment Do the experiment and collect data Analyze the observed data Interpret data and draw conclusions that serve as a starting point for new hypotheses Communicate your results Statistical Analysis A very important component of the Scientific Method is the statistical analysis of your collected data or observations. How you analyse the data, whether done correctly or incorrectly, will ultimately determine the conclusions from your research. Any body who has to collect data, prepare reports, read reports and draw intelligent conclusions from them must have a good understanding of statistics. There is universal acceptance of statistics as an essential tool for all types of research. This has also resulted in an increase in the number and diversity of statistical procedures. Although this diversity indicates the availability of appropriate statistical techniques for most research problems, it also indicates the difficulty of matching the best technique to a specific experiment. Choosing the correct statistical procedure for a given experiment must be based on expertise in statistics and in the subject matter under study. Statistics, like any useful tool, can be misused either deli berately or by well-meaning researchers who know too little about research or statistical concepts and procedures. Why do we need Statistics? Diversity is an intricate property of nature. It is with diversity that life on earth can continue to exist as it allows evolution and adaptation to the ever changing environment on earth. With diversity, there exist variation. Variation occurs everywhere and in almost everything. There is variation in height, weight, colour, smell, etc. Thus for every population, there is variation in physical, chemical and biological properties. As such, before we can say that there is a difference in a particular parameter between two population, we have to take into consideration this variation. We have to show prove that even with the variation that exist within each population for the parameter in question, it is still highly probable that differences exist between the two populations. Statistical procedures were developed to do just that. To take into account the variations before deciding whether we can safely say that the two populations are different. If there is no variation, there will be no need for statistics. Types of Statistics in Marine Science Research There are basically two types of statistics a) Descriptive statistics. Reduction of large masses of raw data to a manageable form e.g. graphs, tables, measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion. b) Predictive statistics. The data we collect is almost always a sample of all the data we could have collected, and we want to use it to draw conclusions about the whole population. The ability to make such generalised conclusions, inferring characteristics of the whole from characteristics of the sample lies within the realm of inferential or predictive statistics. In Predictive Statistics, statistical analysis are usually conducted on the sampled evidence or data from which conclusions about the population is drawn. The statistical analysis usually starts with a hypothesis and based on the evidence in the data, the probability of a certain outcome of the hypothesis is determined. Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis Testing is a means by which will help us make decisions concerning differences. It is a process of infering from a sample or samples whether or not to accept a certain statement about the population. The statement itself is called the hypothesis. The hypothesis is tested on the basis of evidence contained in the sample or samples. The hypothesis should be the simplest one possible with the least number of unknown factors. It is a prerequisite to the application of a statistical test. General procedure in statistical hypothesis testing. a) Specify a nul hypothesis (H0). The hypothesis of no difference. The hypothesis that nothing out of the ordinary has happened or what is expected to happen according to some standard theory. b) Specify the alternate hypothesis (H1). Example: H0: There is no difference in growth of fishes fed with diet A and diet B. H1: There is a difference in growth of fishes fed with diet A and diet B. H0: The population sampled conforms to the Normal Distribution. H1: The population sampled does not conform to the Normal Distribution. H0: The two samples belong to the same population. H1: The two samples come from different populations. c) Check data. From the data, see which of H0 or H1 is correct. The answer will either be i) Not obvious ii) Obvious iii) Very obvious Only in case i) do you go to do a statistical test. It is neither necessary or useful to do a lot of arithmetic to show something that was obvious before you started. Statistics is not a substitute for common sense. d) Specify the level of significance, . Specify the critical probability level below which H0 will be rejected. It is conventionally taken to be 0.05 or 5% level of significance (or 95% confidence limits) in biological statistics. In statistics, we are testing for differences. We first assume that there is no difference, H0. Then we test for difference, H1. Hence, the level of significance is the maximum probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis ( 5% level of rejecting H0 ) when it is actually correct. = probability of committing a Type I error (i.e. probability of rejecting H0 when it is actually correct). = probability of committing a Type II error (i.e. probability of accepting H0 when it is actually not correct). Null Hypothesis (H0) TRUE FALSE REJECT Type I Error Correct ACCEPT Correct Type II Error It is better to commit a Type II error than a Type I error. We will never know if we have committed a Type I error but then the probability of committing it is specified as or, What is the probability, p, of making the error of rejecting Ho when Ho is actually true ? If p is very low then we reject Ho. If p is high then we had better accept Ho. How low should p be before we reject Ho ? is determined by the level of significance, a, set by us (usually 0.05). e) Calculate the probability, p. Assuming that Ho is correct, calculate the probability, p, (using appropriate statistics) of obtaining results as extreme, or more extreme, than those observed. There are several statistical tests available. In order to select, we consider several properties of the various tests e.g. i) Are the assumptions of these tests valid assumptions in my experiment ? Criticisms on an experiment is often highest due to lack of consideration of the assumptions. ii) The test should be unbiased and consistent. iii) The test should be more efficient in some sense than the other tests. f) Comment. We rarely have enough training or knowledge to thoroughly understand all the possible violations of assumptions inherent in the design and analysis of their research, although they are most surely aware of the hypothesis they are trying to test. Types of Statistical Tests Various types of statistical tests are available. However, we can generally divide them into Parametric and Non-parametric tests. a) Parametric test For making inferences about population parameters by examining sample statistics. Assumes that the variable in question follows (at least approximates) the normal distribution. For interval and ratio scale data. b) Data transformation Generally to normalise data which do not satisfy the above assumption so that they may be analysed using parametric methods. c) Nonparametric test To draw inferences about population, not parameters. Do not require knowlegde about population distribution (distribution free statistics). Fast with less arithmetic but less powerful than parametric tests. For norminal and ordinal scale data. Note that interval and ratio scale data can be converted to ordinal data by ranking. Examples of parametric tests a) Testing differences between two means. 1) Z-test Where population variance, S, is known. 2) Students t-test (One and two samples) Where the estimate s must be used. 3) Paired sample t-test For paired samples. b) Testing differences between a set of sample means. 1) One-way ANOVA. 2) Two-way ANOVA with and without replications. 3) Multi-way ANOVA. 4) Latin-Square. 5) Multiple comparisons. a. Least Significant difference, LSD. b. Tukey Test. c. Student-Newman-Keuls Test. d. New Duncans Multiple Range Test. e. Trend comparisons c) Testing differences between variances. 1) F-test 2) Bartletts test d) Correlation and regression analysis Examples of Non-parametric tests a) Runs test Test for randomness in a linear sequence of nominal data. b) Chi-square Goodness-of-fit test Test or compare observed frequency distribution with predicted/theoretical frequency distribution. c) Homogeneity Chi-square test and Contingency tables Test or compare 2 observed frequency distributions. d) Kolmogorov-Smirnov test Goodness-of-fit test for ordinal scale data. Uses cumulative frequency data rather than Chi-square. Powerful where n is small, Fi is small. e) Mann-Whitney U-test Nonparametric procedure anologous to 2 sample students t-test. f) Wilcoxons paired sample test Nonparametric procedure anologous to paired sample t-test. g) McNemars test Paired sample testing of nominal data. h) Kruskal-Wallis test Nonparametric One-way ANOVA by ranks. i) Freidmans test Nonparametric randomised block design by ranks. j) Spearmans Rank Correlation Nonparametric correlation on ordinal data. Multivariate Statistics Most of the Statistical methods mentioned above are termed as Univariate statistics because they examine only one variable while the other are treated as treatment groups of factors. However, there is an increasing use of Multivariate Analysis where the procedure will examine a number of variables at once largely to detect patterns, relationships and interactions between them. Some of the most commonly used multivariate procedures include: a) Multiple regression and correlation. Where one wishes to establish maximal linear relationships among three or more sets of variables. b) Principal Component Analysis. To reduce the dimensionality of the original data while minimizing loss of information and determining those that account for most of the variation in the population. c) Factor Analysis. Resolve the intercorrelations among variables into their underlying causes. d) Multivariate analysis of variance. To determine if the samples could have been drawn from a single statistical population. e) Discrimant Analysis. To sort the objects into their appropriate populations with minimal error. f) Cluster analysis. To sort previously unpartitioned heterogeneous collection of objects into a series of sets and determine the relation ships between the sets.

Geostrategic Importance of Indian Ocean

Geostrategic Importance of Indian Ocean The Indian ocean region had become the strategic heartland of the 21st century, dislodging Europe and North East Asia which adorned this position in the 20th centurythe developments in the Indian Ocean region were contributing to the advent of a less Western centric and a more multi-polar world. -Donald L. Berlin, Head of Security Studies, Asia Pacific Centre for Security Studies, Honolulu, Hawaii The Growing Importance of IOR The Indian Ocean has emerged as a critical maritime space in the Asia-Pacific littoral in view of the transformed strategic, security and economic significance of the region. The Indo-Asia-Pacific region is the greatest maritime-littoral space that has the largest concentration of population, resources, developing economies, congested sea lanes, and contested territorial spaces. It is thus significant in a geo-political, geo-economic and geo-strategic sense  [1]  . The Indian Ocean is home to many choke points, such as the Straits of Hormuz, Straits of Malacca, Lombok and the Sunda Straits. Any disruption in traffic flow through these points can have disastrous consequences. The disruption of energy flows in particular is a considerable security concern for littoral states, as a majority of their energy lifelines are sea-based. Since energy is critical in influencing the geo-political strategies of a nation, any turbulence in its supply has serious security consequences. Given the spiraling demand for energy from India, China and Japan, it is inevitable that the sea lines of communication (SLOCs) and choke points of the region have become strategically important for these countries that they are extremely sensitive to their security  [2]  . The Indian Ocean and the states on its littoral are of significant and growing importance. The region contains 1/3 of the worlds population, 25% of its landmass, 40% of the worlds oil and gas reserves. It is the locus of important international sea lines of communication (SLOCs). The region is home to most of the worlds Muslim population as well as India, one of the worlds likely rising powers. The Indian Ocean also is home to the worlds two newest nuclear weapons states, India and Pakistan, as well as Iran, which most observers believe has a robust program to acquire nuclear weapons  [3]  . The Oil Factor The Indian Ocean has seen intense maritime activity for the past 600 years, primarily for trade. While centuries ago, the motivation was for silk and spices, today it is for oil. Persian Gulf contains 65 per cent of the worlds proven reserves and accounts for more than half of the worlds oil exports and almost all of Asia-Pacifics imports. Due to growth in global economy the world wide demand for oil imports from the gulf is expected to grow and this fact is most critical while considering geo strategic significance of Indian Ocean. Despite efforts by nations to diversify sources, disruption of oil supplies is bound to impact severely on national economies leading to inflation and widespread unemployment. The US, Europe, China, Japan, India and most of Southeast Asian nations  are heavily reliant on oil from the Gulf. In his State of the Union address in Feb 2006, President Bush said that the nation was addicted to oil. U.S. gross oil imports from the Persian Gulf were 2.2 million bbl/d during 2006, accounting for 17 percent of the US total net oil imports  [4]  . The importance of energy to India, China and Japan is also extensive. At current levels of consumption, the oil import dependence of India is expected to reach 82.2 percent by 2010 and 91.6 percent by 2020. In the case of China it will be 61 percent and 76.9 percent, while for rest of South Asia it will be 95.1 percent and 96.1 percent respectively  [5]  . Sea Lines of Communications(SLOCs) The economic development of a state is closely linked to its trade and energy supply. Since most of the trade of the Indian Ocean littorals and the South Asian states is seaborne, SLOCs form the lifeline of these countries. According to World Bank estimates, in 1999 the world seaborne trade was pegged at 21,480 billion ton-miles; it is expected to reach 35,000 billion ton-miles in 2010, and 41,800 billion ton-miles in 2014. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Report, Review of Maritime Transport 2000, notes that world sea-based trade recorded its fourteenth consecutive annual increase, and Asias share of imports and exports was 26.1% and 18.8 % respectively  [6]  . To a military analyst, the SLOCs are related to the maritime instruments of power, and maritime geography becomes the pivot on which forces must be deployed. To a politician, on the other hand, SLOCs signify the state of relations with countries located along the sea route traversed, while for an economist it is just the shortest and most economical travel distance between two destinations. Similarly, for some nations multilateral cooperation on SLOC security may mean a perceived intrusion into aspects of sovereignty. Thus the security of sea lanes requires comprehensive strategies encompassing differing perceptions and national interests of concerned states  [7]  . The Indian Ocean is home to important SLOCs and maritime choke points. A large volume of international long haul maritime cargo from the Persian Gulf, Africa and Europe transits through this ocean. Some of the primary items transported are energy products mainly oil and gas. Disruption in energy lifelines can also arise from patterns of trade flows. Imports to South Asia from West Asia utilize the Strait of Hormuz. According to EIA estimates, the Strait recorded a transit volume of 15.4 million barrels of oil per day in 1998. Closure of the Strait of Hormuz practically cuts off Gulf supplies to the East altogether and also affects the West considerably. Similarly, the closure of the Straits of Malacca, through which nearly 9.4 million barrels of oil per day flow (according to the EIA), can seriously threaten the economies of Southeast Asia and the energy intensive economies of China and Japan. Due to the geostrategic importance of Malacca Straits to almost all the South and Southeas t Asian countries, any maritime contingency in this traffic congested region would have profound security ramifications. Since most of the trade of the Indian Ocean littorals and the South Asian states is seaborne, SLOCs are critical to these countries as well as to major energy consuming nations such as US, Europe, China and Japan. Exports from West Asia utilize the Strait of Hormuz. Equally strategically located are the eastern straits, Malacca, Sunda and Lombok-Makasser. One-third of the worlds trade and almost all of East Asias oil amounting nearly to 9.4 million barrels of oil per day pass through these straits. Protection of the sea-routes through the Indian Ocean becomes a strategic priority for many states. America thus has maintained a massive military presence in the region, poised to do whatever necessary to maintain the choke points and the flow of regions essential energy supplies to the rest of the world. The stakes are so high that Pentagon has now drawn up plans to annihilate Irans military capability in three days  [8]  . Strategic Importance of IOR for Extra Regional Forces United States of America. For almost 200 years the British exercised predominant military power in the Indian Ocean by establishing bases at key choke points and along critical sea lines. In the 1960s however British Government decided to drastically cut the British presence east of Suez. During the succeeding years the Indian Ocean became a distinct area attracting international attention due to inter and intra state instabilities in the states bordering the region , prominent being the Iran-Iraq war. In reaction to this instability both the superpowers started deploying naval forces on a regular basis in the Indian Ocean to ensure their energy security  [9]  . The dramatic event of Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, led to US establishing its naval supremacy in the Indian Ocean to react quickly to a situation threatening access to the oil resources in the region. This was the beginning of the so called super power rivalry in the IOR. Successive US administrations have followed u p these developments with a vigorous search for facilities across Indian Ocean and have met with considerable success in getting such facilities in Oman, Bahrain, Kuwait, UAE, Qatar and Saudi Arabia , Kenya and Singapore. Their base in Diego Garcia is however the key element in providing the US capability to act at relatively short notice in the region  [10]  . By the end of 1980 US established a Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force (RDJTF) at Diego Garcia. On 01 Jan 83 RDJTF was converted into full fledged strategic command and was named the Central Command (CENTCOM). Hundreds of B 52 bomber flights were flown by US from this base during 1990-91 war against Iraq  [11]  . Russia. The initial deployment of Soviet Navy in the Indian Ocean was governed by need for a reciprocal arrangement with littoral states that would assist its attempt to break through Western containment of its long southern flank. Soviets developed their facilities in Ethiopia and South Yemen close to Bab-al- Mandeb  [12]  . In 1979 the Soviets signed an agreement with Vietnam for a 25 year lease of base at Cam Ranh Bay close to Malacca straits. Russian government continued the lease of Cam Ranh Bay primarily for SIGINT activities in South China Sea. At the end of 25 year period, Russia decided to withdraw from Cam Ranh Bay. Its presence in other erstwhile bases is also on the decline. Australia. Vital to Australias economic well being is the security of maritime trade, particularly in the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean. The worlds principal trading blocs, USA, EU, Japan/Korea/China/East Asia, comprise mercantile trading nations dependent on Middle East oil to sustain their economies. Australias economy is tied to these principal trading blocs  [13]  . Besides straddling vital sea-lines for naval and commercial mobility Southeast Asia has always provided Australia the strategic defence-in-depth for its security. Post-Cold War, Australia rushed to forge new security bonds in the sub region to augment its existing Five-Power Defence Agreement (FPDA) with Malaysia and Singapore. This caused apprehensions, but its proactive stance and especially its leadership role during the 1999 East-Timor crises  demonstrated a commitment to the sub-region. However, the perception of Australias pro-West character since the beginning of the 20th century has led to Islamic fun damentalists targeting its interests. Its interests thus converge with that of other concerned powers to combat non-state maritime threats in Southeast Asia. Japan. Japans proactive role in Southeast Asia is vital for its global status and economic interests, since the sub-region is the source and transit of its energy lifeline. Primarily due to this reason, it is averse to Chinese domination in the South China Sea  [14]  . Despite its potent maritime forces however, Japan has been unable to assist the sub-region to secure the sea-lines against nontraditional threats due to the constraint posed by Article 9 of Japanese Constitution, which does not permit its military to have a collective security arrangement. Japans commitment to Southeast Asia has thus been limited to financial and technological assistance for navigational safety and prevention of pollution. Japan is now actively considering a Constitutional review to break free from the legal handicap, including in terms of collective-security. This would make Japan more militarily assertive and enable it to safeguard its vital security interests in Southeast Asia. Natural Resource Wealth The Indian Ocean is known to contain natural resources, the significance of which has yet to be fully determined  [15]  . Other than the oil in the gulf, the Indian Ocean holds 65 per cent and 31 per cent of worlds strategic raw minerals and gas respectively. Large occurrences of hydrocarbons are being trapped in the offshore deep bedrocks of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Australia. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and deep sea polymetallic nodules are actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. The Bay of Bengal is known to hold an immense wealth of resources in terms of fossil fuels, minerals and fish stocks. The discoveries of huge gas reserves in the Krishna-Godavari basin has added to the known potential of the area. The AN island chain itself is known to bear substantial hydrocarbon reserves. It is only a matter of time that offshore platforms, similar to those at the Bombay High, would sprout in these waters. Its fish are of great and growing importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from   Russia,  Japan,  South Korea, and  Taiwan  also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly for  shrimp  and  tuna. The endangered marine species include the  dugong,  seals,  turtles, and  whales  [16]  .

All Quiet on the Western Front Essays: The Loud Message -- All Quiet o

All Quiet on the Western Front: The Quiet Novel that Screamed a Message In Remarque's "All Quiet on the Western Front", the main character Paul Baumer who is 18 years old, is sent to the front to fight for his homeland, Germany. He and his friends go through a spectrum of typical war expiriences: the deaht of a comrad, the terror of shelling, the abuse by their officers, etc. Remarque as well as Paul hates everything about the war: its meaninglessness, the lives of young people that it destroys or the innocent people that it kills. Throughout the whole book, the author conveys this hatred in many different ways. The most common way Remarque shows his hatred is by using the plot of the novell itself. He offen does this by describing the death of Paul's close friends or by describing the sickness of his mother. A good example of this technique is the death of Paul's friend Kemmerich. It can be felt how terrible the death of innocent people is while...

Analysis of e. e. cummings’ Poem of all the blessings which to man Essa

Analysis of e. e. cummings’ Poem of all the blessings which to man      Ã‚   As Thomas Reed West puts it, "the predominant literary sentiment toward the discipline of the machine has been one of lament" (xii). Many authors have composed pieces dealing with industrialization and the correlated obsolescence of man. Poet e.e. cummings is among them. In his poem "of all the blessings which to man," cummings describes a world to which progress will doom mankind-- a place where technology rules over humanity.    Cummings's poem opens saying that the most supreme gift progress offers mankind is "the an/ imal without a heart" (3-4). This heartless living thing is the machine. Machines can be made to act, and can often appear as if they think, but cannot feel. This is the greatest present presented to us by progress? To view that as a gift is to hold logic highly supreme over emotion, a preference this piece laments as being unfortunately accepted.    This industrialization and elimination of the need for humans is similarly unfeeling and coldly logical. The age of machinery presents its nearly silent coup d'etat rebels, the mechanical beings themselves, as a huge "collective pseudobeast," aimed at eliminating not only a need for humanity but a need for emotion (5). The poem's speaker notes that this being only preexists "its hoi in its polloi" (8). This shows the aim these machines allegedly have-- not simply to overtake the teeming masses of people but to become the teeming masses (hoi polloi) themselves, even to make humanity forget that they were ever in charge. This hearkens to the government employees constantly rewriting history in George Orwell's 1984, as these machines hope to make the people forget how things eve... ...y have done too good of a job. Their creation will change them from tame rulers to beings whose prolific creation ("teem") overcomes them.    Movies and literature alike have often served to villainize technology. These topics survive and persist, perhaps because we are morbidly fascinated with our own predicted downfall. Many people will admit to being concerned, as cummings is in "of all the blessings which to man," that the world will one day be run by machines. This potential future governing force is "without a heart" and "couldn't use a mind," and that may scare humans most of all (25, 28).    Works Cited Rotella, Guy. "Nature, Time, and Transcendence in Cummings' Later Poems." Critical Essays on E.E. Cummings. Ed. Guy Rotella. Boston: G.K. Hall and Co., 1984. West, Thomas Reed. Flesh of Steel. Charlotte, NC: Heritage Printers, 1967.   

Is evil learned or innate behaviour? Essay

Evil is often mistaken to be innate behaviour, but in reality evil is learned. The definition of evil is someone or something that is morally bad or wrong; wicked. It can also be defined as a sin. Evil is learned through other people and it can happen to anyone. It can involve situations like, family problems, like divorce, or the community where one grows up in can have a major effect on a person. It is learned when an individual has a temper and yells at another person or uses physical abuse towards them. When a child is first born into this world they do not already have evil inside them, it is learned by their surroundings, as they grow older. Newborn children are sweet, innocent babies who don’t even know what evil is. When newborns are raised over time and live in a negative surrounding, they can easily learn how to be evil. Evil can be learned at any age, it doesn’t matter if you’re young or old. An example of a child turning evil is watching his/her parents go through a divorce. Situations like this has a major effect on children, it brings questions to their head like â€Å"Was it my fault?† Kids will start to feel insecure and they might get themselves into the wrong things like drugs. They would turn to bad things for help because they are feeling insecure. If it is an adult watching their parents go through a divorce then they can probably get a better understanding of it and why it is necessarily. But, even those who are getting the divorce can turn to things that can make them learn to be evil, by hanging out with different people and turning to alcohol and drugs. Things like this shows how evil is not innate and is learned. In today’s society there are many parts of communities that don’t have a good reputation and involve kids who deal drugs and do drugs. A person can easily get caught in the wrong group and do the wrong things, this can bring someone to learn to be evil. This doesn’t just happen to communities that look bad and live in poverty, this also happens in communities that seem to have a good reputation. Drugs are everywhere in this world, but the only way one can get through it is by saying ‘no’, this can help someone not become evil. Family and the surrounding’s around a person can bring someone to learn how to be evil. If there is any type of abuse in the household it can teach a person to be like that, whether it is physical, verbal, or emotional abuse, this can also bring someone to learn evil. Television also has a big role in a person learning evil. A great example is shown on TV. If you have ever seen a show called The Simpsons, the baby, Maggie, shows to be an innocent little child until she learns to do bad things to others, which is shown on a certain program on television. This is a perfect example that show’s how evil is not innate behaviour, but is actually learned.  Therefore, through examples of today’s society and through television evil is all around the world in every community, whether its family or not. Evil is learned and is not innate behaviour.

The Renaissance Man

In the film there was a group named the double ad's. They are called double ad's meaning, dumbest dog salt. The people from that group are chosen to be In that group because those students are the ones that do not comprehend the army duty. Mr.. Raga, the teacher from the group double ad's, was not as responsible. Facing some of his own consequences like, getting fired from his previous job, losing his relationship slowly with his only daughter, and not taking his new job as a teacher seriously. But during the film he went through some times where he changed.From he students touching him in an emotional level and being in an army base facility he changed. Three things that Mr.. Raga changed was his character attitude, and got some discipline. His character changed by not being mean and rude to people he found from his students that there is more to a person that what meets the eye. His attitude changed from how he acts with people to how he looked at his teaching Job. At first he TLD want the job but after time he found out how important changing and helping the kids life really ;s.He became more disciplined by the Army, getting to mime early or In time and getting himself straight with his priorities. I believe the most important change from the three, is his attitude. Because I think attitude says a lot about a person. How you are with people and it shows how your real character really is. By changing his own attitude he turned from being selfish and only caring about his own life to wanting to make somebody else's life better. At first Mr.. Raga was thinking of teaching comprehensive material to the students so they could be able to do and pass the requirements to graduate from the U.S. Army. However he thought hem something else from somewhere he never thought would capture they're attention. Mr.. Raga introduced hamlet by William Shakespeare to the double ad's. The students could relate the play to their lives; the play gave the students motivation, giving them something to look at in order to keep on going and pursuing their goals In life. Each of the double ad's had their own struggles and life, and their own destiny of making It to the Army, but there was this one specific double d. His name was Nathaniel Hobbs, he was a very smart student and the one that connected to Mr..Raga the most; he saw potential for the student and wanted to help him. There were consequences in that though, Mr.. Raga went to talk to the sergeant, they found out Nathaniel Joined the army to escape from hid felony of selling drugs, so he went to jail. I think it was Nathaniel own fault because it was his decision of selling drugs and even though it's in the past you have to deal with the consequences of your actions. Before Mr.. Raga changed his ways he faced an enemy on the way through his change. Mr.. Raga did not get along with sergeant Lou.Sergeant Lou thought Mr.. Raga was not disciplined enough and was not strict enough with his class. You would think It would end up In a feud but surprisingly Mr.. Raga got his own discipline from sergeant Lou, and changed of character. Even though things might not look as good as a situation something good always happens. Even though sergeant Lou thought Mr.. Raga was not as strict or as disciplined, the classmates got an effect on the class. I en class gave ten students motivation to change Ana It Improved tenet connecter.They were able to complete the tasks of their army duties and obstacles they had to overcome in order to graduate from the army. There was an original renaissance man that was mentioned in the movie. The Renaissance man was Alberta Leon Battista. He accomplished a lot of things, his mindset was there is not a limit of the goals you want to reach or what you want to become. That's something Mr.. Raga taught his class. Like I said before, Mr.. Raga was originally going to teach comprehensive but he taught something more important. He ended up teaching the student to reach for t he stars.That success starts from your mind, your way of hinging, you can become whatever you decide to be and what you pursue; however it's not Just pursuing it, but also completing it even though there might be obstacles in the way. The central lesson that can be learned from this movie is that the choices you make dictate the life we live. Any choice you make or action you take make you become the person you are. You can become whatever you want to become if you put your mind and heart into it. Or Just have to look within and take your determination to its fullest capability and reaching your goals.

The Road to Happiness Bertrand Russell

George Bernard Shaw’s Saint Joan was first produced in New York City in 1923 and in London in 1924. Shaw published it with a long Preface in 1924. When word came out that Shaw, who was known as an irreverent jokester, was writing about a Christian saint and martyr, there were fears that he would not be able to produce something appropriate, but the early reception of the play was generally favorable, although some commentators criticized him for historical inaccuracy and for being too talky or comic. Over the years, the play, a rare tragic work in his generally comic oeuvre, has been seen as one of his greatest and most important. It has been hailed as being intellectually exciting and praised for dealing with important themes, such as nationalism, war, and the relation of the individual to society. The play solidified Shaw’s reputation as a major playwright and helped win him the Nobel Prize in 1925. Being at least in part a tragedy, though with comic moments, Saint Joan is part of a shift in Shaw’s work from his earlier optimistic comedies to a more melancholy attitude, perhaps in part the result of his reaction to World War I. Although he had been thinking about Joan of Arc as early as 1913, Shaw did not actually begin writing the play until 1923, three years after Joan’s canonization. He consulted many earlier works on Joan, including the transcripts of her trial. In fact, he modestly said that he had done little more than reproduce Joan’s own words as recorded in the transcripts; however, that statement is unfair to Shaw, who left a distinctive Shavian touch on the story of the martyred saint.

Case Study Of Banjah Village Environmental Sciences Essay

Water is indispensable to adult male, animate beings and workss and without H2O, life on Earth would non be. It is the 2nd resource, which is really of import and abundant apart from air Wagner and Lanoix ( 1961:9 ) . From the really beginning of human civilisation, people have chose to settle near to H2O beginnings, along rivers, beside lakes or near natural springs. Indeed, where people live, some H2O is usually available for imbibing, domestic usage and perchance for irrigating animate beings. ( IRC1998 ) When the member authoritiess of the United Nations proclaimed the 1980s to be the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade ( the Water Decade ) , they were reacting to an pressing demand. An estimated 30,000 people were deceasing every twenty-four hours, many of them attributed to a deficiency of safe imbibing H2O or equal sanitation installations. The state of affairs of H2O supply in the universe particularly in rural countries is far from being satisfactory. In 1980, the World Health Organization estimated that more than 70 % of the universe ‘s rural population was without entree to a safe and equal H2O supply: some 1.150million villagers ( China ‘s statistics non included ) were imbibing H2O which was a menace to their wellness ( IRC1998: 7 ) . Besides, more than one billion people lack entree to a safe supply of imbibing H2O. Water related diseases become taking cause of decease in the universe. It takes the lives of more than 14.000 people each twen ty-four hours as it is responsible for 80 % of all illness in the universe. In developing states, adult females and immature misss spend more than 200million hours walking to the nearest H2O beginning merely to acquire adequate H2O for their households. Besides, statistics show that merely 60 % of the African population has entree to safe H2O supplies. More so, in Cameroon more than one million people presently lack entree to safe imbibing H2O and three billion deficiency entree to basic sewerage systems. Although SNEC was created in Cameroon in the sixtiess after the independency, its activities are largely been limited to the supply of drinkable H2O to urban and urban periphery, populating the rural countries at their ain clemencies and with limited finance to pay for drinkable H2O supply. Drinkable H2O scarceness being a worldwide crisis besides threatens the population of Banjah community. Banjah is one of the small towns which make up the Bamenda cardinal subdivision in the North West Region of Cameroon. It is situated about 5km North West of Bamenda town. This little Anglophone small town of about 2000 people made the scarceness of drinkable H2O their preoccupation. The Anglophone Cameroon by and large has had a strong tradition of ego reliant community development. During the colonial period, the British provided basic comfortss to their settlements for small cost. The supply of drinkable H2O for British Southern Cameroonians was under the Public Works Department ( PWD ) a authorities bureau. And H2O was fundamentally free compared to those in Gallic Cameroon. After reunion, the assets of PWD associating to H2O were transferred to a new bureau SNEC. With SNEC, the awards stated increasing. So with the cognition that H2O is supposed to be less dearly-won or even fr ee and with the spirit of community development inborn in most Anglophone countries, the Banjah people decided to come up with a autonomous H2O undertaking which was partially realized in 1992. Before the realisation of the strategy, the villagers fetched H2O from rivers springs and watercourses, which ran for long distances before making the small town. These beginnings besides crisscross farming areas, croping lands and colonies. This resulted to really high rates of taint. More so, the villagers traveled for stopping point to 3km to bring H2O and H2O borne diseases were rampant. Water jobs were doing great social jobs. Besides, the absence of drinkable H2O retarded other development undertakings. With the partially realisation of the H2O supply strategy, the above jobs have non been wholly eradicated, alternatively, new 1s have been created. The H2O strategy faces the job of irregular supplies. There is misdirection of financess. The spread nature of colonies and the rugged terrain are besides major jobs. Lack of local trained forces for the operation and care of the strategy increases the jobs. Finally, the deficiency of adult females engagement in the direction of the strategy besides causes a great job since they are the greatest donees. All these jobs leave the villagers no option but to be given to their old available H2O beginnings. Therefore, conveying back if non, all the jobs faced by the community before the realisation of the undertaking. These jobs inspired the research worker to seek reply to this chief research inquiry: How effectual is the Banjah Water supply undertaking? To reply this inquiry this research has been divided into four subdivisions. The first subdivision assesses the state of affairs of drinkable H2O before the realisation of the H2O undertaking. It besides looks at H2O supply process and how the support for the H2O undertaking was carried out. The following subdivision looks at the different histrions involved in the H2O supply strategy. It besides analyses the schemes and direction used for the success of the undertaking. The following is the socio economic impacts of the H2O supply strategy to the Banjah community in peculiar and others in general. Then we look at the jobs faced in the direction of the H2O supply strategy. The last subdivision concludes by sketching future chances in relation to the present tendencies in the development of the strategy. This prospects if carried out will convey the undertaking to a successful terminal.0.7 METHODOLOGYThe Banjah Water supply undertaking covers a comparatively little country but with a hard terrain. It has diverse activities every bit good as people with every b it diverse positions. Like other rural countries in Cameroon, it is ill served with communicating installations. All of these will ask a multi- attack in roll uping informations. The methodological analysis therefore will be divided into two parts ; informations aggregation and information analysis.0.7.1. Data and Information CollectionThe information for the survey will be collected from primary and secondary beginnings. 0.7.1.1. Acquisition of Secondary informations Much has been written on community H2O supply strategy, direction and impacts. In this visible radiation, informations will be collected from both published and unpublished secondary beginnings. They will include paperss and relevant web sites on the Internet. These paperss will include text editions, thesiss thesis, diaries, periodicals and magazines. These paperss and statistics will be gotten from libraries, NGOs and Rural and Urban Councils 0.7.1.3. Acquisition of Primary Data This will affect fieldwork. Fieldwork constitutes a major beginning of informations in this type of research. That is field trips, interviews, direct observations and questionnaires. Field trips The first stage of the field trip will get down with a pilot study during which the matrix will be located and demarcated the layout of the terrain appreciated and some measurings concluded. The 2nd stage will affect transect work to demo the spacial distribution of the H2O web Interviews Semi structured interviews and treatments will be conducted officially with traditional heads, members of the small town traditional council, members of the H2O direction commission, caputs of adult females associations and house hold caputs. Informal interviews and treatments will be done on Lord's daies after church services, market yearss and flushing when most of the villagers have retired place. These semi structured interviews and treatments will take to historical function. It will affect the function of the H2O related phenomena before and after the realisation of the strategy. Direct observations This is really of import in roll uping and analysing informations. It involves the drawing of maps to demo the spacial distribution of phenomenon. For illustration the spacial distribution of the H2O web, the proposed strategy etc. Photographs will besides be taken to demo the spacial arrangement of certain phenomenon utilizing the direct field observation method. The H2O jobs will hence be assessed straight. Questionnaires Last, questionnaires were administered utilizing graded random study technique to respondents for general replies. The different quarters represented the different strata. In each strata families were indiscriminately selected. The family caput became the chief source or other representatives in the instance of the absent of the family caput. For the 200 questionnaires 40 were administered to each of the five quarters. For these 200 questionnaires administered 154 were decently answered. That is 77 % . These greatly helped the research worker to analyse the H2O supply strategy and its direction in the community. This is shown on the tabular array below.Table 1: The Distribution of Sample Size Questionnaires per Quarter.Living quarterssNo of QestionnairesNo of Questionnaires AdministeredPercentage of RespondentsMubaco 40 36 18 Wumkien 40 34 17 Ntoh 40 27 13.5 Mucob 40 31 15.5 Njimben 40 26 13Entire20015477Beginning: Field study 2006 0.7.2DATA ANALYSES After roll uping these informations, they are traveling to be sorted classified analysed and interpreted. The information will be analyzed utilizing descriptive statistic methods. Tables, per centum and charts will be used.Chapter ONESituation OF POTABLE WATER BEFORE THE REALISATION OF THE SCHEME, SUPPLY PROCEDURE AND FINANCEHundreds of 1000000s of people in rural communities struggle for drinkable H2O supplies. Like most rural communities, the people of Banjah small town one time depended merely on traditional H2O beginnings for endurance. The clip to turn to the annihilating effects of increasing H2O scarceness and worsening H2O quality around the Banjah small town eventually came. This chapter hence tries to analyze the state of affairs of drinkable H2O before the strategy was realized, provide process and the support. 1.1 SITUATION OF POTABLE WATER BEFORE THE REALISATION OF THE SCHEME Field study reveals that life was similar snake pit to the villagers before the strategy. Drinking H2O was gotten from watercourses, rivers and springs, which ran, for long distances before making the small town. Apart from H2O collected from the rain the other beginnings were extremely polluted. This resulted to H2O borne diseases. Villagers took the hurting to go for stat mis to roll up this contaminated H2O. Water scarceness caused social jobs and a host of other jobs.1.1.1 Water beginnings before the strategyThe population of Banjah community had legion beginnings of H2O before the strategy. Field observation and sampling revealed the distribution beginnings as seen below.Table: 2 Collection Points before the SchemeBeginningsNumber of HouseholdsPercentage ( % )Rain H2O Streams Springs Rivers 42 40 33 8 34 32 27 7 Entire 123 100 Beginning: Field Survey 2006 The above consequences revealed that most people got H2O chiefly from rainwater ( during the rainy season ) , watercourses and springs. The per centums of the population that collected H2O from these different beginnings range from 34 % for rainwater, 32 % for watercourse to 27 % for springs. These beginnings were accompanied by many jobs. The above findings on the different H2O beginnings are similar with Faniran ( 1987 ) who highlighted that the chief beginnings of H2O before the installing of the Lagos Water Scheme were pools watercourses, springs, pools, Wellss, lakes and rivers. He went farther to explicate that these beginnings which were polluted led to the high rate of H2O borne diseases. These besides go in line with this research and below are some of the job faced by the villagers before the realisation of the strategy.1.2 PROBLEMS OF POTABLE WATER BEFORE THE REALISATION OF THE SCHEME1.2.1 BURDEN OF FETCHING WATER. Water bringing before the 1990s in Banjah small town was a great domestic load. Much clip and energy was spent to cover long distances to bring H2O from the different beginnings apart from rainwater. The tabular array below reveals walking distance from the H2O beginning, measure of H2O fetched per twenty-four hours and clip spent for the intent. Table: 3 Walking Distance from the Water Source, Quantity of Water Fetched Per Day and Time Spent for the Purpose.Family NoNeptuniumD ( m )T ( hour )Q ( cubic decimeter )NT ( hour )1 6 850 50 75-100 2 1.40 2 8 700 35 100-125 2 1.00 3 7 700 40 100-125 2 1.20 4 10 800 20 100-125 3 40 5 4 500 25 50-75 2 50 Beginning: Field Survey 2006. NP= figure of people in the family D ( m ) = Approximate distance from family to the beginning in meters T ( hour ) = clip taken to bring H2O and return homeA : Q ( cubic decimeter ) =Quanatity of H2O fetched per twenty-four hours in liters. T ( hour ) =total clip spent per twenty-four hours in bringing H2O n=number of trips to the beginning per twenty-four hours. The tabular array shows that an norm of 700m was covered by each family to roll up an norm of 100- 125litres of H2O. Women and kids every forenoon had to acquire up at the cleft of morning walking in the really cold status on narrow and hazardous way merely to roll up adequate H2O for their families. With the hazardous way some people after transporting the H2O and about making the house normally slipped off non merely pouring the H2O but besides interrupting their hard earned containers. Besides during the dry season when most of the H2O beginnings were drying up longer clip was spent. This is because, the villagers had to go longer distances to bring H2O. Apart from these long distances, adult females and kids frequently have to wait in bend to roll up H2O. Some traditional beginnings frequently dry out for several months each twelvemonth and it could take up to an hr to make full a pail as they waited for the H2O to easy filtrate through the land to their containers. To avoid such long delaies many H2O aggregators got up every bit early as they could to acquire to the H2O beginning before the queuing started. There was besides serious contending as they queued up. This activity was really palling and clip consuming, small clip was left for other activities that could bring forth income. The villagers described this distance as being painful. The calamity was that, holding spent so much clip and attempt in making a beginning of H2O, the H2O itself was frequently soiled, contaminated and a wellness jeopardy. 1.2.2 HEALTH PROBLEMS Water related wellness jobs were rampant in the community before the supply of drinkable H2O. These jobs were straight and indirectly related to the absent of drinkable H2O. Indirectly, acquiring up early to acquire H2O was raging. Besides the early forenoon cold characterized in the country during the dry season caused catarrh, cough, dry tegument and many other related diseases. Directly, these beginnings of H2O were extremely contaminated. They were normally polluted by domestic waste disposal, farm fertilisers, treading by animate beings, the usage of H2O for stooling up watercourse, rinsing of apparels and still utilizing the H2O for imbibing downstream. Field surveies besides revealed that most frequently, the H2O had gustatory sensation, atoms settled at the underside of the container when kept overnight and some even stained garments. All these showed how polluted the H2O was. These led to a high incidence of H2O related diseases as shown on the tabular array below.Table 4: Distribution of Diseases before the Scheme.Types of diseasesNumber of peoplePercentage ( % )Diarrhea Dysentery Cholera Rashs 47 35 20 30 36 26 15 23Entire132100Beginning: Field Survey 2006 From the tabular array above, it can be seen that there was a high incidence of diseases before the installing of the H2O. Harmonizing to the sampled population, the sum of 132 people was ill of H2O borne diseases. Diarrhea had the highest prevalence of 36 % . Apart of these H2O borne diseases, there were besides H2O washed diseases like itchs, and H2O related vectors which caused malaria and filarial all transmitted by mosquitoes. The heavy containers caused backache, retarded growing and joint strivings. The sick wellness of the labour force earnestly affected the development of the community. The general sanitation in the small town was a muss. 1.2.3 SOCIETAL PROBLEMS The absent of drinkable H2O can be detriment to the society. Before the strategy was realised there were a series of social jobs. Most hubbies bartered their married womans for non cooking and transporting H2O on clip. Most work forces did non care under which fortunes H2O was provided, all they needed was that things should be done and available on clip. School kids had to transport H2O before traveling to school. The long queuing particularly during the dry season made these kids to either travel tardily to school or non to travel at all. More so, normally there was serious contending amongst the villagers as they struggled to transport foremost. This caused hostility. Children were besides beaten for interrupting H2O containers. It was a hapless scene. Accepting the presence of a job is the beginning of the solution. After sing all these jobs something needed to be done. The villagers so took on their enterprise to supply drinkable H2O for the community.1.3 Supply ProcedureWith all these H2O crises faced in the community, something had to be done to turn to the status and it had to be done fast. The people decided to build a autonomous community H2O undertaking. The whole process can mostly be seen on a diagram as below demoing the assorted stages. Operation & A ; Maintenance and Management Designation Initiation Preparation For Upkeep Planing Monitoring & A ; Evaluation Construction Figure: Cycle of a Typical Rural Water Supply.1.3.1 InitiationAfter placing the job the following phase was the induction. Field study shows that adult females and kids are the primary groups roll uping H2O. Therefore, they are the 1s who understand the hurting of supplying clean H2O. It is for this ground that the adult females after all the hurting and agony took upon the enterprise to suggest the thought of a drinkable H2O supply strategy.Table: 5 Those Who Brought the Idea.BeginningsNumber of peoplePercentage ( % )Government 2 1 Womans Group 108 74 Village Leaderships 27 18 An person 10 7Entire148100Beginning: Field Survey 2006 The above tabular array shows that the adult females group of the small town introduced the enterprise. Those who responded otherwise were either nescient or had nil to offer. Taking this enterprise, the adult females met with the Chief and Elders of the small town. They were directed to an administration that provide aid to community undertakings were they got of import advice on the supply of inexpensive and drinkable H2O to the community. They country was surveyed and the cost deliberated upon. They so decided to seek for assistance from different givers to add to what they had. It should be noted that there were processs and conditions which the villagers had to follow and carry through before they got any external aid.1.3.2 SupportUndertakings like rural H2O supplies can non be carried without assistance from the villagers themselves. The people of Banjah though willing to lend for the realisation of the H2O supply strategy, had limited agencies of bring forthing income for the installing of the H2O undertaking. Therefore, they had to seek aid from International and Local Non Governmental Organizations ( NGO ‘s ) , to guarantee the success of th e undertaking. The three stages of the undertaking were completed in 1992, 1994, and 1996 severally. Financial, proficient and material support were gotten from the Swiss Association for Development and Cooperation ( HELVETAS ) , African Development Foundation ( ADF ) , European Union and of class the Department of Community Development in Banjah. The fiscal parts can be seen on the tabular array below. Table: 6 Fiscal Contributions.Beginnings of FinanceSum in FCFAHELVETAS 7,300,000 ADF 5,551,000 European Union 3,447,000 Banjah Community 2,991,000Entire19,238,000Beginning: Project Committee Chairman, Community labour costed about 3,000,000FCFA. This brought the undertaking to a sum of 22,238,000FCFA. The field survey besides showed that financess were chiefly received from NGOs and from the small town community.Chapter TWOACTORS, STRATERGIES AND MANAGEMENT OF THE WATER PROJECT.The success of a community H2O supply can non be done by the community entirely. There must be other histrions involved. These include internal histrions which are made up of the people in the community and the external histrions which include people or organisations outside the community. These histrions in one manner or the other helped in the realisation of the Banjah H2O undertaking. Field surveies revealed how involved these different histrions were and are still involved in the supply and direction process of the undertaking.2.1.1 OperationFor a undertaking to be successful at that place must be effectual operation and care. The Banjah H2O strategy maps under the umbrella of the Banjah Water Project C ommittee. The H2O strategy was divided into three stages. The first stage involved placing the spring beginning and taking the right engineering. The tabular array below shows the appropriate engineering options for the community H2O supply and why the piped supply was choose for the community. Table: 7 Factors Considered in Choosing the Right Technology.TechnologyCostService LevelO & A ; M demandsWater QualityWater point Cheap Very low Low Good Piped supply Expensive Very high Very high Good Manual pump Reasonably expensive Low High Good Dug good Cheapest Low High Good Rain catchment Cheap High Low Good Beginning: Committee president. The piped engineering was chosen after discoursing with the field technician ( from HELVETAS ) and the community. â€Å" This is because the H2O can easy be distributed in pipes to want points sing the topography of the small town † ( explained the commission president of the strategy ) The 2nd stage involved the aggregation of hard currency. This stage was really boring because it was non easy converting the villagers to lend. Several meetings were held in this visible radiation. The 3rd stage was the supply of local stuffs. Womans and kids carried sand and the work forces and young person carried rocks to the undertaking sites. This was done one-fourth by one-fourth under the supervising of the undertaking commission and one-fourth caputs. The 4th stage was the building work proper. These involved the building of the catchment country and storage armored combat vehicle, excavation of the trenches and laying of the pipes. A 2.5km pipe was laid from the catchment country to the storage armored combat vehicle. The undertaking covers a distance of 6.2km long and consists of 30 individual base lights-outs and 2 dual base lights-outs. There are four chief control valve Chamberss along the line and a little valve chamber attached to each base pat. There are besides several private base lights-outs in different families.2.1.2 Maintenance and ManagementThe Banjah Water Scheme has a care commission. This commission is supposed to guarantee sustainable direction of the strategy. The maps of the executive members who make up the care commission can be summarized as follows:Table: 8 Some Functions of Committee MembersChairmanSecretaryTreasurerHearerCaretakerPresides at meetings Keeps proceedingss of meetings Keeps and collects community money Checks community histories Does routine care and punishes those who violates ordinances Sign the contract with the caretakers for operation and care. Prepares studies with president Prepares fiscal statements Prepares studies on the fiscal and stuffs direction Operates system e.g. , gap and shutting valves to ration H2O Represents the small town on H2O affairs Correspond and maintain bank books Signers to bank history Does fixs of the H2O system Authorizes outgos Keeps records of minutess Advises on what should be done on the system Coordinates actions of members Uses and histories for tools, trim parts and stuff Convenes meeting Beginning: Adopted from Andrew M Tayong 2005 These different maps have been clearly spelled out as above. But the inquiry is do the executive members execute their different maps judiciously? These will be expatiated in the chapters in front.2.1.3 Community ParticipationMost local populations are normally actively involved in the decision-making concerning developments or in their execution. They do n't merely supply information for the realisation of the strategy but besides take part in the effectual running of the strategy. The Banjah Community whole-heartedly participated to the success of the installing of the pipe borne H2O. The community participated through support and building of the H2O strategy. From field survey, more than 90 % of those who visited the catchment country went at that place for community work. The community of Banjah started take parting at the beginning of the building of the H2O strategy. The people were willing to make whatever they were asked to make. Much work was done at the catchment country. It included amongst others glade of study way, proviso of study nog, transporting of rock, sand and other building stuffs. The community was besides responsible for excavation of the spring beginning for the catchment and besides trenches that channel the H2O to the remainder of the small town. Each of the quarters involved in the undertaking had community work leaders who did the organisation of the work at the one-fourth degree. Community labour was estimated to be approximately 3,000,000FCFA. The community besides participated financially. Womans had to pay a amount of 2000FCFA, work forces 5000FCFA and kids above 18years 1000FCFA while those below 18years paid 500FCFA. The natives outside the small town were non excluded. They contributed massively towards the development of the strategy. Fund raising parties were held in most of the subdivisions all over the state to raise financess for the strategy.2.1.4 Women InvolvementIn Banjah in peculiar and most other rural communities, adult females and kids are the primary groups of roll uping H2O. Therefore, they are the 1s who suffer most from the jobs associated to the proviso of H2O. The field study shows that adult females were those who brought the thought of drinkable what supply in the small town. As seen above, 74 % of the families interviewed revealed that adult females were those who brought the thought of drinkable H2O supply. They did non merely conveying the thought but besides helped in the executing of the undertaking. They were involved in transporting rocks and sand. They besides contributed financially by lending 2000FCFA each. Besides, some adult females participate in cleaning some of the public lights-outs and place installed lights-outs around. But it should be noted that on the other manus work forces are those who provide more financially and materially and are greatly involved in determination devising. It is a commiseration that many of them have small cognition about the agonies and load in supplying the household with H2O every twenty-four hours. Moreso, adult females are marginalized when comparing the possible function of the adult females with the existent engagement in the assorted phases of planning, building, care and rating. Womans are non really much involved. This explains why merely one adult female is a member of the executive board. Notwithstanding this the community at big extremely participates in the development of the undertaking. The above goes in line with the universe acme held in Rio de Janerio in June 1992 where they explained that experiences in many developing states during and since the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade ( 1981 1990 ) shows that even the best tally H2O bureaus can non successfully implement, operate and keep a web of widely spread H2O systems without the full engagement and committedness of the users. There must be therefore the full engagement of a community in the realisation of any development undertaking, since they are the donees.Chapter THREETHE SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE BANJAH WATER SUPPLY SCHEME.3.1 Positive ImpactsWater is an of import accelerator necessary for speed uping both economic and societal developments. Therefore H2O scarceness is one of the most of import environmental restraints of development, peculiarly in countries that face limited H2O in footings of quality and measure. The installing of pipe borne H2O in Banjah has resulted to some impacts. Summarily, there is the decrease of the incidence of H2O borne diseases, decrease of H2O fetching as a domestic load, sweetening of other development plans, step of poorness relief and others that are explained below.Table: 9 Main Benefits of the Scheme.Main BenefitsNumber of PeoplesPercentage ( % )Decrease in H2O borne disease Decrease in the load of bringing H2O Improvement in substructure Micro irrigation strategies Enhancement of other development undertakings Poverty relief 31 45 35 42 34 42 14 20 15 18 15 18Entire229100Beginning: Field Survey 2006 The above tabular array shows the chief benefits of the strategy to the sampled population. All these will be analysed below.3.1.1 Decrease in Water Borne DiseasesThe criterions of Cameroon imbibing H2O, corresponds with that of France, which is laid down in article one of the edict of 10th August 1961, of the â€Å" Conseil Superieur d'hygien publique † and the edict of 28th February 1962 and 7th September 1967 ( Helvetas Manual, 1985 ) . These correspond to the international criterion, which says H2O should be colorless, tasteless, odorless and has no hazardous bacterium. The general safety of H2O is determined by its physical, chemical and bacteriological quality. It should hold sourness ( PH ) of measures which will do the H2O soft ( foams easy ) and the H2O should hold fix free carbondioxide. The tabular array below shows the study on chemical analysis of tap H2O in Banjah small town.Table: 10 Report on Chemical Analysis of Tap Water in Banjah Village.PH- value Hardness ( inA ° PG ) Carbonate hardness Non Carbonate hardness 0 Entire hardness 6.5 0.17 0 0.17 Content of ( in mg/l ) Sulfates so4 Chlorides cl Alkalinely mval cubic decimeter methyrorange Lime- aggreeive Carbon dioxide CO2 Heyer KmnO4 ingestion in mg/l 1 0.5 0.15 7.7 1.6 Calculated in mg/1 Natrium Bi carbomate NAHCO3 Magnesium Mg 7 0 Beginning: HEVETAS LAB The above chemical analysis of the Banjah H2O was done utilizing the Drinkable Water Analysis Kit ( pattern CA-24WR ) of Hach. Two liters of H2O was collected from the pat and put in a clean bottle made of good quality impersonal glass. The undermentioned chemical values were measured ; -PH-value -Hardness in grain CaCo3/gallon -Content of C dioxide CO2 in mg/l -Content of dissolved Oxygen in mg/lThe little hardness, really soft nature of the H2O and the less acidic ( impersonal ) content of the H2O makes it really drinkable for imbibing and other activities. These hence explain how drinkable the H2O is. Besides the bacteriological content of the H2O was analyzed and is presented below.Table 11: A Summary of a Report on the Bacteriological Analyses of the Water.OrganismValueWater Intended for DrinkingEntire Coliform BacteriaLess than 10/100ml in at least 75 % of all the samples takenFaecal Coliform BacteriaLess than 10/100ml in at least 75 % of all the samples taken Beginning: HEVETAS LAB Faecal coliform count in H2O samples taken from rural systems should ne'er transcend 10 bacteriums per 100 milliliter, and no more than 25 % of samples should incorporate fecal coliforms. The H2O trial consequences shows that the Banjah H2O has less than 10 bacteriums per 100ml. The nowadays of the few bacteriums are as a consequence of some common dirt bacteriums which are frequently present sometimes but with really small hazard of fecal pollution. Besides, it should be noted that protected springs provide H2O free from fecal taint. Therefore these explain why the H2O is fit for imbibing. Banjah H2O as seen above is colourless, odourless, tasteless, non acidic, soft and with less bacterium content. The H2O can hence be termed mineral H2O. This high criterion of H2O has reduced the incidence of H2O borne diseases, though non wholly eradicated. This can be seen by comparing the distribution of diseases before and after the strategy. The tabular arraies below compare the distribution of diseases before and after the realisation of the strategy.Table: 12a Distribution of Diseases before the Scheme.Types of diseasesNumber of peoplePercentage ( % )Diarrhea Dysentery Cholera Rashs 47 35 20 30 36 26 15 23Entire132100Beginning: Field Survey 2006Table: 12b Distribution of Diseases after the Scheme.Types of diseasesNumber of peoplePercentage ( % )Diarrhea Dysentery Cholera Rashs 12 11 2 6 39 35 7 19Entire31100Beginning: Field Survey 2006 A comparism of these tabular arraies shows that the incidence of H2O borne diseases has reduced. Harmonizing to the sampled population, the sum of 132 people was ill of H2O borne diseases before, and after the installing of the strategy it reduced to 31. This decrease is as a consequence of the good quality H2O. But the inquiry still remains why have n't these diseases been wholly eradicated? This will be analysed in the pages in front. 3.1.2 Decrease in the Burden of Fetching Water Womans and kids are responsible for about all the activities in the rural surroundings in which Banjah is portion. With the coming of the H2O strategy, the load of transporting H2O has been reduced. They have much clip now for their household activities and instruction. The below statistics show the clip served by one individual for a twelvemonth when mensurating the decrease in the load of taking H2O. To cipher the entire figure of hours saved on the norm, we take a day-to-day figure and express as an one-year sum. Average clip saved per trip = 35mins Average clip saved per twenty-four hours = 1.06 ten 35= 37.1mins = 0.62hours Average clip saved for 1 twelvemonth by a individual = 0.62 ten 365hours = 226.3 hours. The figures indicated above gives the sum of clip the each individual will salvage in other to transport out other of import economic activities. With the above clip saved, adult females now are more productive and efficient in the public presentation of their domestic duties. They besides have clip for other more productive income bring forthing activities like ; agriculture, and selling the green goods, retailing, selling palm vino tapped by their hubbies. The income generated from these activities help in bettering kids ‘s nutrition, wellness, sanitation and instruction. The installing of the H2O strategy in Banjah has besides helped the adult females or made adult females better on their general sanitation. It has besides helped them to conserve their privateness, since they do non hold to take a bath in the watercourse or rivers as earlier. The Banjah adult females now have leisure clip to rest, visit relations and friends and besides join associations. They can freely oversee the kids, go toing meetings and other socio- political assemblage. These adult females besides have clip to organize autonomous enterprise groups which can better their criterions of life and cut down poorness. This is done through the instruction of the adult females on improved agriculture methods ( for illustration usage of fertilisers and other farm inputs ) , sanitation, nutrition and they are besides educated on HIV and household planning pattern to guarantee their well being. Some of them have decided to utilize the clip saved by increasing their farm sizes and thereby passing more clip on the farm. 3.1.3 Micro – Irrigation Schemes Agribusiness is the anchor of the Banjah people. From the field study, 80 % of the sampled population are engaged in agricultural activities. Water being really of import for agribusiness makes the installing of the pipe borne H2O really utile to the Banjah people. During the dry season when there is no rain, the installed H2O is used for watering small- graduated table farms and gardens. Most people who works veggies like huckleberry, tomatoes, onions and lettuce including harvests like murphies make usage of the H2O. Field study reveals that Banjah small town is the highest manufacturer of huckleberry normally known as â€Å" jamajama † . It is cultivated non merely during the rainy season as before but all twelvemonth unit of ammunition because of the presence of abundant H2O for irrigation. Peoples come in from far and near to purchase this vegetable and it is the highest income generator particularly during the dry season when it is scarce in other parts of the state. This strategy is besides used by cattle rearers. Most Banjah people like many others in the grassfield are cattle rearers. The H2O is used to maintain the animate beings fresh and healthy during the dry season when there is limited grass to feed the animate beings and besides the drying up of H2O points. It is besides used to turn hye during the prohibitionist season which some cowss feed on. The Banjah drinkable H2O is besides used for angling. There are angling pools in the small town. These fish pools do non merely generate income but serve as a beginning of protein which is really scarce to come by.3.1.4 Rural Infrastructure.The rural substructure of Banjah portrays a typical African rural country scene. The small town suffers from a major job of unequal rural substructure. These include educational installations, communicating web, drinkable H2O, wellness centre, agricultural extension services, commercial installations and worst of all rural electrification. Houses in this small town are constructed with local stuffs like clay, bamboo and grass ( thatched ) . Very few people use cement blocks to build. Other stuffs used are zinc and processed wood. More than half of the people use clay blocks, locally produced to build. The chief route runs from Bamenda town through the small town to Bambili. There are minor roads and footpaths criss-crossing the other distant countries of the small town. There are two chief spiritual groups, which have been portrayed by the presence of Christian churches and a mosque. There is merely a primary school and a local market that operates one time a hebdomad. From the field study it was noticed much has truly improved as concerns substructure since the installing of the strategy. Some of the sampled population greatly agreed on this point. Peoples now have extra H2O nearer to build their ain houses. This has increased the figure of houses in the small town. Most frequently, houses are being constructed utilizing local stuff and by the proprietors. Since they have entree to a nearby pat, they mould blocks and build their houses at a lower cost. At first, they had to transport H2O from distant beginnings, this was really boring and really expensive ; fewer houses were hence constructed before the installing of the strategy. The installing of the strategy has besides enhanced other development undertakings. One of the major developments is the building of a wellness Centre although non yet completed because of abuse of financess. Recently, the route was graded and there are chances of tarring the route and supplying electricity to the villagers.3.2 Negative ImpactsThe Banjah H2O strategy has been successful to an extent. This is because the small towns still face some negative impacts caused by the strategy. These impacts were gotten from interviews and direct field observation has been expatiated below. 3.2.1 Destruction of colonies, farming areas and flora. Colonies, flora and farming areas were destroyed in the cause of the installing of the pipes. Most of these pipes had to crisscross colony, flora and farming areas. All these things were destroyed without compensation as a consequence of the installing of the strategy. Field observation showed that some pipes passed through some people ‘s compounds. This mean that these people can non transport out any other development undertaking like constructing a house be house because the pipes will be destroyed. Besides its hazardous edifice a house because what if the pipes has a escape or is being broken the house will be wholly destroyed. 3.2.2 The catchment country and land decrease The land around the catchment country has been restricted from graze and other agriculture activities. This is to avoid pollution of the catchment. It should be noted that this has led to the decrease of farming areas and croping land particularly since this topographic point usage to be one of the really fertile lands of the small town. The limited land is now doing farmer-grazier struggles in some other parts of the small town. 3.2.3 Outgo Last, the installing of the strategy led to excessively much outgo, which to an extent has increased poorness. Although fiscal, stuff and proficient assistance were gotten from Non Governmental Organizations, the villagers besides had to lend. With their meager incomes, some were forced to pay certain dues. More so, they are still supposed to pay one-year dues of 1000FCFA for work forces and 500FCFA for adult females.Chapter FOURPROBLEMS FACED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE SCHEME AND FUTURE PROSPECTSMajority of the Banjah population has entree to the drinkable H2O, but a good figure of the villagers are still faced with H2O crisis. There are many jobs in the direction of the strategy. Despite all these jobs, there are still some chances.4.1 Problems Faced in the Management of the Scheme4.1.1 Topography The survey country falls within the Western Highlandss of Cameroon, which implies that the underlying stones of Banjah are old granite and gneiss of the Precambrian epoch covered by basalt ( Neba 1999 ) . The part is fundamentally composed of drops. This vicinity depicts a rugged highland terrain made up of hills that are separated from each other by deep v-shaped and U-shaped vales depending on the incline. The alleviation of this country can be divided into two: the low and upland countries. The Lowlandss are found around the Southern Western and Central parts of Banjah, with an mean tallness of 700m. The Highlandss on the other manus cover the Northern and Eastern parts of the survey country. The height scopes from about 1800-2200m above sea degree. This physical terrain has greatly affected the distribution of drinkable H2O. Field observation shows that the site and state of affairs of the catchment is a great hinderance to the distribution of drinkable H2O as a consequence of the topography. The catchment is situated at a tallness of 1826meters above sea degree. There are other countries of more than 2000meters. This has made it impossible for drinkable H2O to make the really high countries. Much money is needed to widen the pipes to these countries. The catchment, located at the South West of the small town means that some pipes has to crisscross the survey country to ingestion countries. Besides, with the stony landscape some of the pipes have been broken hence sloping out much H2O. Some quarters are left without H2O. There is therefore the demand to supply much finance to better on the quality of pipes to direct H2O to the destitute topographic points. The varied landscape made up of undulating programs and high extremums, some which are higher than the catchment necessitated really high hydraulic profile or force per unit area to guarantee efficient H2O distribution. However, such a venture is rather expensive and may non be low-cost by the villagers or the dwellers of Banjah. This explains why many a clip particularly during the dry season a good bulk of lights-outs in Banjah does non flux and why quarters such as Ntoh with high lift have non yet benefited from the strategy. 4.1.2 Socio economic The economic system of Banjah like other rural countries is characterized by subsistence agribusiness. More than 85 % of the population is involved in subsistence agribusiness. There are other economic activities like the operation of proviso shops, off-licenses, merchandising of palm vino and local maize beer. The merchandising of firewood besides brings in much income. With their meager income they are faced with many duties like educating their kids and supplying day-to-day staff of life for the household. Therefore paying their annual dues is really hard and at times some people can non afford to pay for old ages. Besides the fiscal restraints of the community and their avidity to supply H2O within sensible distances for the people have made some families to put in base lights-outs around the compound. Most of such lights-outs are below acceptable criterions. They do non hold good basins round them but few rocks to back up the containers. As a consequence, there is a chance that H2O from such environment fortunes become contaminated earlier ingestion as soiled H2O splashes into the containers in the class of roll uping the H2O. 4.1.3 Negligence Most of the environing countries have been extremely neglected. Direct field observation shows that catchment country, the armored combat vehicle and some lights-outs have become soiled and shaggy due to negligence. This is because as explained above, the villagers are either non able or are non willing to pay their annual dues. Therefore, those who are supposed to take attention of these armored combat vehicles, catchments countries and lights-outs are non sufficiently motivated. This therefore consequences to carelessness. Besides most of the house installed lights-outs do non hold good drainage systems. This consequences to messy and unhealthy milieus. Dead H2O is a good genteelness environment for vectors conveying diseases like malaria which is really common in Banjah small town. 4.1.4 Population distribution There are a important alteration in the population of Banjah small town from the 1976 and 1987 nose count, the population of Banjah was 984 dwellers. In 1987, the population rose to 1824 that is 840 new dwellers or 86.8 % addition. It was projected that by the twelvemonth 2000, the population of Banjah was supposed to hold reached 3648 dwellers.Table 13: Population Trend and Projection.19761987Actual alterationPercentage alterationProjection2000984 1824 840 86.8 % 33648 Beginning: base on Demo 1987, Second General Census Cameroon. The ratio of public lights-outs to the population in the community is really low. There are about 32 public lights-outs in the small town to a population of more than 33648 people. Besides, the population is extremely dispersed. The community hence finds it really hard to turn up lights-outs and rather expensive to associate all the colonies with pipe borne H2O. There is overcrowding around these few lights-outs which consequences to contending particularly amongst kids. Some of these battles to bring H2O lead to hostility amongst villagers, which retard advancement. Besides, non all the countries have entree to drinkable H2O during the dry season. There is therefore the demand for rationing. Most people faced with these jobs tend to bring H2O from the contaminated beginnings. Therefore partially explains why the incidence of H2O borne diseases can non be wholly eradicated. 4.1.5 Management forces Like most community undertakings, people are elected from the community to pull off its activities. They form the nucleus of the undertaking. The Banjah rural H2O supply has this forces but with unequal direction accomplishments and trained technicians. Most of these people are voluntary workers with other professions. This means they have other businesss. They hence have limited clip for the personal businesss of the strategy. These restraints in work force ( labor ) have resulted to inadequate direction and bringing of required services to the people. Besides, field study revealed that, due to the work load and inability of the community to back up lasting workers as a consequence of fiscal restraints, these have given rise to inadequate records of the strategy such as figure of people, with private installings. Such records are critical because they aid in the anticipation and undertaking of future demands and fiscal budgeting sing the strategy. 4.1.6 Caretaker These are the field workers who are supposed to be familiar with their work. They are expected to often describe to the direction commission, on the state of affairs in the field, with the origin of the undertaking. Normally, at the get downing a villager was trained to execute this responsibility, but soon, other people have been co-opted in his topographic point. They are short of the needed accomplishments. As such there exists some carelessness to execute their responsibility coupled with deficiency of experience. At times escape can travel for hebdomads through pipe and lose caputs of public standpipes before they are discovered and repaired. 4.1.7 Communication job Field oppugning and observation besides showed that the people are nescient on how the undertaking operates and their program of work for the twelvemonth. All they know is that they have to lend for the operations. Because of this believe there is misappropriate of their financess, by those in charge therefore weakening the people ‘s involvement in full engagement on the activities of the H2O undertaking. They are hence non willing to pay their annual dues. The people believe that the money will non be judiciously used. This therefore makes it impossible for the undertaking to be smoothly tally.Future PROSPECTS IN RELATION TO PRESENT TRENDS OF EVOLUTION OF THE SCHEMEAll is non yet lost since there is still hope for the community to be wholly served with drinkable H2O. Field study revealed the following sing the future chances of drinkable H2O in the Banjah community. The nowadayss of raffia thenar and the cutting down of all eucalyptus around the present catchment country makes the handiness of drinkable H2O promising. This is because H2O will be available to the community at all seasons if non to the whole small town but to portion of the small town. The raffia thenar shop H2O which is released during periods of deficit, this guarantees changeless supply to some parts of the small town. Besides, the wiring of the country around the catchment country prevents the country from being polluted by either fertilisers from farming or croping around the catchment country. Finally, there is a great chance to recognize another strategy. This will hopefully function the Ntoh one-fourth and its milieus where there is no drinkable H2O supply at all. 4.2.1 A Short Description of the Micro undertaking. The deficiency of drinkable H2O in some parts of Banjah as a consequence of the rugged topography of the small town, poorness and long distance to drinkable H2O beginning has lead to high rate of H2O born diseases, hapless wellness and decrease in population. This undertaking will therefore aimed at relieving poorness and fosterage development through the supply of drinkable H2O to the Banjah castle and the Ntoh one-fourth as a whole besides reenforcing the flow rate of the bing supply. Aims: Short term: To provide drinkable H2O to the community. Long term: To better wellness conditions, increase agricultural production and accelerate development.Table: 14 Budget of a Proposed Scheme.DIFFERENT CONTRIBUTIONSFundss IN FCFACommunity Kind Contribution 1.980.000 Community Cash Contribution 1.528.000 Expected Aid 3.100.000Entire6.608.000Beginning: Committee Chairman In order to raise financess for the undertaking, letters of entreaty will be send to project related Non Governmental Organization and many other givers. The cost estimation will hence be forwarded to the Ministry of Water and Energy which has a budget given for funding rural H2O supply strategies in Cameroon. With Cameroon making the Highly Indebted Country Initiative ( HIPIC ) degree, budgets are now allocated to transport out development undertakings in rural communities. So the Banjah people are looking frontward to derive aid from the State and of class other givers. 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HELVETAS. 20pTable OF CONTENTGENERAL INTRODUCTIONMETHODOLOGY AND LIMITATION OF STUDY 0.5.1Data and Information Collection Acquisition of secondary informations Acquisition of primary informations. Data analysis.Chapter ONESituation OF POTABLE WATER BEFORE THE REALISATION OF THE SCHEME AND SUPPLY PROCEDURESituation of Water Supply before the Realization of the Scheme.Beginnings of Water Before the Realization of the Scheme1.2 Problems Faced Before the Realization of the Scheme1.2.1 Burden of Fetching Water 1.2.2 Health Problems 1.2.3 Social Problems1.3 Supply Procedure1.3.1Initiation 1.3.1FundingChapter TWO3.1 ACTORS AND STRATERGIES IN THE SUPPLY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE SCHEME.3.1.1Operation, Distribution of lights-outs and Care3.1.2 Community Involvement.3.1.3 Women InvolvementChapter THREESOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE BANJAH WATER SUPPLY SCHEME.3.1 Positive Impacts3.1.1 Decrease in Water Borne Diseases 3.1.2 Decrease in the Burden of Fetching Water 3.1.3 Micro-Irrigation Schemes 3.1.4 Rural Infrastructure3.2 Negative Impacts3.2.1 Destruction of colony, farming area and flora 3.2.2 The catchment country 3.2.3 OutgoChapter FOURPROBLEMS FACED BY THE SCHEME AND FUTURE PROSPECTS4.1 Problems Faced by the Scheme4.1.1 Topography 4.1.2 Socio- economic 4.1.3 Negligence 4.1.4 Population Distribution 4.1.5 Management Personnel 4.1.6 Caretaker 4.1.7 Communication ProblemFuture PROSPECTS IN RELATION TO PRESENT TRENDS OF EVOLUTION OF THE SCHEMEA Short Description of the Micro Project