The Passionate Shepherd to His Love Summary Essay Example for Free

The Passionate Shepherd to His Love Summary Essay The Passionate Shepherd to His Love is a pastoral lyric, a poetic form that is used to create an idealized vision of rural life within the context of personal emotion. Pastoral poems had been in vogue among poets for at least seventeen hundred years when Marlowe wrote this one. The Greek poet Theocritis, in the third century B.C.E. (Shipley 300-1,) was the first pastoralist poet, and he, too, wrote about shepherds. All pastoral poetry, including Marlowes, is to some degree influenced by this original practitioner. The poem is written in very regular iambic tetrameter. Each line contains exactly four heavy stresses, and the metrical feet are almost always iambic. Similarly, most lines contain eight syllables, and the few that dont create a specific poetic effect (such as lines 3 and 4), or have easily elided syllables which may be read as eight. This regular meter, sustained through the twenty-four lines, remarkably never descends into the sing-song quality so prevalent in tetrameter, primarily because Marlowe salts his lines with a variety of devices that complement the meter without drawing too much attention to its rigid regularity. Marlowes use of soft consonants (such as W, M, Em, F) to start lines, with the occasional feminine ending of an unstressed syllable (in the third stanza) lend a delightful variety to an essentially regular and completely conventional form. In the first stanza, the Shepherd invites his love to come with him and pleasures prove (line 2.) This immediate reference to pleasure gives a mildly sexual tone to this poem, but it is of the totally innocent, almost naà ¯ve kind. The Shepherd makes no innuendo of a sordid type, but rather gently and directly calls to his love. He implies that the entire geography of the countryside of England Valleys, groves, hills and fields/Woods or steepy mountains will prove to contain pleasure of all kinds for the lovers. This vision of the bounteous earth (reminiscent of the New Testaments admonishment Look at the birds of the air: they neither sow nor reap nor gather into barns, and yet your heavenly Father feeds them. Matthew 6:26) is a very common theme in pastoral poetry. The idealization of rural life is essentially what separates pastoral poetry from simple rustic verse. Realism, which would not come into being as a poetic or literary style for many centuries after Marlowe, has little place in pastoral verse. The next stanza suggests that the lovers will take their entertainment not in a theatre or at a banquet, but sitting upon rocks or by rivers. They will watch shepherds (of which the titular speaker is ostensibly one, except here it is implied that he will have ample leisure) feeding their flocks, or listening to waterfalls and the songs of birds. The enticements of such auditory and visual pleasures can be seen as a marked contrast to the hurly-burly (a phrase Marlowe used in his later play, Dido, Queen of Carthage, Act IV, Scene 1) of the London stage plays which Marlowe would write. These are entirely bucolic, traditional entertainments; the idea of Marlowe, the young man about town who chose to live in London, actually enjoying these rustic pleasures exclusively and leaving the city behind is laughable. Again, these invitations are not to be taken literally. Marlowe may well have admired pastoral verse, and the ideals of it (such as Ovids ideals of aggressive, adulterous heterosexual love) were not necessarily those he would espouse for himself. The third, fourth, and fifth stanzas are a kind of list of the delights, mostly sartorial, that the Shepherd will make for his lady love. Here it becomes clearer that the Shepherd is really none of the same; indeed, he is more like a feudal landowner who employs shepherds. The list of the things he will make for his lady: beds of roses (a phrase, incidentally, first coined by Marlowe, which has survived to this day in common speech, though in the negative , no bed of roses meaning not a pleasant situation) thousand fragrant posies, cap of flowers, kirtle embroidered with leaves of myrtle, gown made of the finest wool/Which from our pretty lambs we pull, fair-linà ¨d slippers, buckles of the purest gold, belt of straw and ivy buds, coral clasps, and amber studs) reveal a great deal about the situation of the Shepherd and what he can offer his love. While certainly many of the adornments Marlowe lists would be within the power of a real shepherd to procure or make (the slippers, the belt, possibly the bed of roses (in season), the cap of flowers, and the many posies, and possibly even the kirtle embroidered with myrtle and the lambs wool gown,) but the gold buckles, the coral clasps, and the amber studs would not be easily available to the smallholder o r tenant shepherds who actually did the work of sheepherding. This increasingly fanciful list of gifts could only come from a member of the gentry, or a merchant in a town. This is another convention of pastoral poetry. While the delights of the countryside and the rural life of manual labor are celebrated, the poet (and the reader) is assumed to be noble, or at least above manual labor. The fantasy of bucolic paradise is entirely idealized; Marlowes Shepherd is not a real person, but merely a poetic device to celebrate an old poetic ideal in verse. Incidentally, the plants mentioned (roses, flowers, and myrtle) are conventional horticultural expressions of romance. The rose, especially, was sacred to the goddess Venus (and it is how roses have come to symbolize romantic love in some modern Western cultures.) The myrtle was associated with Venus, too, and especially with marriage rituals in Ancient Rome. This connotation would have been known to Marlowes readers. The attribute of virginity should not necessarily be assumed here; it was not for a few more centuries that myrtle would come to symbolize sexual purity. Therefore the kirtle embroidered with myrtle is not just a pretty rhyme and a word-picture of a desirable garment. It was meant to symbolize that this was a nuptial invitation, and that the Shepherds lady was not strictly defined (though she may well have been meant to be) a virgin bride. Myrtle was an appropriate nature symbol from the Greek and Roman mythologies (from which the first pastoral poems come) to insert into a love-poem. The image of the Shepherd as a member of the gentry becomes complete when, in the last stanza, it is said The shepherd swains shall dance and sing/For thy delight each May-morning. The picture here is of other shepherds doing the speakers bidding. A rustic form of performance – in the open air and not on a stage – is again in marked contrast to the kind of formal performance of plays on the Renaissance stage, which would make Marlowe famous at a very young age. The poem ends with an if statement, and contains a slightly somber note. There is no guarantee that the lady will find these country enticements enough to follow the Shepherd, and since the construction of them is preposterous and fantastical to begin with, the reader is left with the very real possibility that the Shepherd will be disappointed. Analysis â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love† was composed sometime in Marlowe’s early years, (between the ages of sixteen and twenty-three) around the same time he translated Ovid’s Amores. This is to say, Marlowe wrote this poem before he went to London to become a playwright. Thornton suggests that Marlowe’s poetic and dramatic career follows an â€Å"Ovidian career model† (xiv), with his amatory poems belonging to his youth, followed later by epic poems (such as Hero and Leander) and Lucan’s First Book). The energy and fanciful nature of youth is evident in â€Å"Passionate Shepherd†, which has been called â€Å"an extended invitation to rustic retirement† (xv). It is headlong in its rush of sentiment, though, upon examination, it reveals itself to be a particularly well-balanced piece of poetry. This poem is justly famous: though it may not be immediately identifiable as Marlowes (it is often mistakenly thought to be a sonnet of Shakespeare, though that is incorrect in both authorship and poetic form) it has a place in most anthologies of love-poetry. It may well be the most widely recognized piece that Marlowe ever wrote, despite the popularity of certain of his plays. The meter, though seemingly regular, gives a great deal of meaning and music to this poem. In line 10 the iambic pattern, so far unbroken, reverses to trochaic (stressed, unstressed). The line is innocuous And a thousand fragrant posies – there is no special meaning in this line that requires a complete reversal of the meter. But it is a completely complementary line to the one above it (which contains an almost perfect match of nine iambic syllables), and creates movement and motion in the poem. This kind of temporary shift of meter makes the poem lighter to read, and, while preserving regularity, lessens any sing-song quality that might occur if too many regular lines appear in sequence. This skillful change is one of the reasons this poem is so often read aloud. It is musical and regular to the ear, but it is never rigid or predictable. Line endings, too, can create variety within regularity, and also call attention to the subject matter of the lines. The only stanza which contains the line ending termed feminine (that is, an additional unstressed syllable following the final stressed syllable – while it may not have been called feminine in Marlowes day, the softer consonant at the end of a disyllabic word such as those in this stanza definitely can convey femininity) is the third. There will I make thee beds of roses This is done by using disyllabic words at the end of the line. The second syllable of most two-syllable words is usually an unstressed one. These lines all end with particularly feminine objects, too – roses, posies, kirtle (a womans garment), and myrtle. It should be noted that every other line-terminating word in the entire poem is a monosyllabic one, with the lone exception of line 22, in which the masculine stressed ending is forced by the hyphenated construction May-morn ing. Marlowe chose his words with very great care. Scansion of poetry is never exact; while lines 1 and 20 are often read as iamb ic, the beginning (especially line 20) can easily be read as a spondee (two long syllables – Come live with me and be my love/ rather than Come live with me and be my love/). A skillful and expressive reader might read this repeated line thusly, upon its second occurrence. The different stress would add pleading to the tone of the line (the emphases on the verbs come live and and be) and bespeak a slight desperation on the part of the Shepherd. If read the opposite way from the first line (spondaic rather than iambic) the meaning of the line changes just enough to create a development of emotion. This is no mean feat in a poem only twenty-four lines in length. (Note that there is disputed stanza (second from the last) Thy silver dishes for thy meat which appears in some older editions – the latest critical editions do not include it.) At first glance The Passionate Shepherd To His Love can seem to be a nice piece of pastoral frippery. Considering that it was written, probably, in Marlowes late adolescence, and if read as a superficial exercise in the practice of a very old form of poetry, it can seem to be light and insubstantial. But any studied analysis of the poem reveals its depth; the poem can be read as containing irony (as written by an urbane man who longed for the city rather than the country, and thus constructed impossible rustic scenarios), serious and heartfelt emotion, a slight political commentary, a gentle sadness, and a transcendent love of nature. Good poetry is often many things to different readers, and Marlowe was able to create, within a codified (and one might say ossified) form of poetry a piece of clever and flexible Elizabethan verse. The Shepherd may not have been real, but the emotions and effects created by this poem have their own reality.

Alexander Hamilton: Triumph and Tragedies Essay -- Alexander Hamilton

Alexander Hamilton:Triumphs and Tragedies To die a tragic death by the hand of another man- to carve ones way through destiny and shape one's future from the humblest of beginnings- to forge a legacy by a medium only those heralded as our countries "Forefathers" have per chanced to meddle with- these are the makings and the foundations for which great men and the dreams of our country rely upon. Everyone has heard the name Alexander Hamilton, but few are familiar with his views and actions regarding the survival of the young American republic. He could be recognized for anything from serving our fledgling country by fighting in the New York militia; to serving his community as a lawyer and as a national tax agent; to beginning his political career as a representative for New York at the National Congress. Though most would agree his most important contribution to our struggling republic was to spearhead the project which formed the doctrine helping to establish the foundation in which modern democracy is based, the Articles of Confederation. Alexander’s family history along with his life story is almost as rich as the country’s who he helped to build. "[Alexander's] maternal grandfather, one John Faucette, ...emigrated from France to the West Indies sometime before 1700, ...moved to Nevis, became a planter and took a wife- Mary, [with whom he had children]. Confusion reigns as to whether there were one or two Mary Faucettes or two Faucette couples" (Emery 52). There was a "deed of gift"(Emery 54) between John Faucette and Mary Faucette in 1714 and another record of marriage between John Faucette and Mary Uppington of Nevis on August 21, 1718, leading to the possible conclusions either John had multiple lovers of the same first name at or around the same time, or it is uncertain beyond this point in history as to what is truly known about Alexander Hamilton’s past. Either way, Mary Faucette (Alexander’s grandmother) has been thought to have been plagued with poor luck, so much so that it is eve n referred to as an "extraordinarily stormy passage" (Emery 54) of a life. Though she appeared to have weathered well- "John Church Hamilton, Alexander's fourth son and first biographer, leaves this record of Rachel's impact on her son: 'He spoke of her as vividly impressed upon his memory' as a woman of intelligence, culture and elegance of form..." (Emery 55)... ...palian church, and was read his last rights. From the meager beginnings of a bastard child born out of wedlock, to one man heralding the power of friendship to the most powerful man in an early republic, Alexander Hamilton proved that what would come to be known as the American dream can be realized by anyone. Native or not; rich or poor; with the drive to realize your dreams, you can achieve them. Hamilton made great advances toward what we know as America today and left behind a legacy that has too commonly become forgotten. Bibliography Emery, Noemie. Alexander Hamilton an Intimate Portrait. New York. G.P. Putnam’s Sons.1982 Hendrickson, Robert. Hamilton I (1757-1789). New York. Mason Charter. 1976. Mitchell, Joseph B. Decisive Battles of the American Revolution. New York. G.P. Putnam’s Sons. 1962 Morgan, Edmund S. The birth of the Republic, 1763-89. Chicago London. The University of Chicago Press.1956. Morris, Richard B. Witnesses at the creation Hamilton, Madison, Jay, and the Constitution. New York. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1985. Stokesbury, James L. A short History of the American Revolution. New York. William Morrow and Company, Inc. 1991.

The Last Remnants of Grizzly Bears

With all the new and advanced technology that is accessible today, who has time to enjoy or care about the great outdoors? Unfortunately, much of the wilderness and the animals within it are gradually fading away. There are many animals that have already been extinct and many more will soon be put on the list of extinction. In the second issue of Target Earth, Tim Stevens found in 1975, the grizzly bear was listed as a threatened species, under the Endangered Species Act. Stevens also stated, Today, the grizzly bear hangs on in the last remnants of wild places left in the U. S. –places like the Greater Yellowstone, Glacier Park, and Shelkirk Mountains of Northern Idaho. The survival of the grizzly bear depends on several factors such as: amount of food they need and amount of space they need to live. Grizzly bears have tremendous food requirements in order to survive–adult females average 300 pounds, and males around 450 pounds, stated Stevens. Furthermore, grizzly bears are opportunistic feeders thriving on roots, berries, pine nuts, insects, herbaceous vegetation, fish, small mammals, and occasionally wild ungulates and their young. With grizzly bears wide variety of provisions, they need a large area to sustain themselves. Stevens stated, a male grizzly bear will use up to a 500 square mile â€Å"home range† throughout its life. Glover and Johnson stated, a female grizzly bear will use up 11-490 square miles throughout its life. Being that the grizzly bear is a wide-ranging, slow breeding species, and as such, are very good indicators of the overall health of the ecosystems they depend upon. If the habitat is in good shape, one could assume the bear is doing rather well(Stevens, Target Earth). However, conservation biologist states, none of the current grizzly populations is large enough to sustain itself over time. Aldo Leoplod states, the most feasible way to enlarge the area available for wilderness fauna is for the wilder parts of the National Forests, which usually surround the Parks, to function as parks in respect of threatened species. Leopold goes on to state, they have not so functioned is tragically illustrated in the case of the grizzly bear. The Greater Yellowstone is isolated from other wildland ecosystems. These populations become vulnerable to inbreeding and other genetic problems, it is critical to have these grizzly bear ecosystems connected by â€Å"linkages† or â€Å"biological corridors. † Ecosystems are much larger than the designated national parks within them. At the core of the Greater Yellowstone National Park, which is 2. 2 million acres. The ecosystem is 18 million acres and includes 7 national forests, wilderness areas, national wildlife refuges and Bureau of Land Management land. Bears are not only dependent upon the National Park â€Å"core,† but also upon the surrounding lands. Scientists have long recognized that these species are dependent upon the health of the entire ecosystem(Stevens, Target Earth). The grizzly bears habitat is slowly diminishing. The Northeast part of Greater Yellowstone provides a good example of the overall cumulative effects that many activities can have on an area. This area has been one of the best and most productive regions for grizzly bears. However, the U. S. Forest Service has been steadily logging and roading many of the last non-wilderness public lands in the region. For example, in one area called the Sunlight Basin, nearly, 4,500 acres of trees have been harvested since 1986. All of this timber was in grizzly habitat. Unfortunately, more timber sales are planned for this are in the future(Stevens, Target Earth).. In addition, on our national forest lands, logging and mining companies and willing federal agencies continue the steady drumbeat of resource extraction. Logging, road building and other developments have begun to invade and alter these landscapes, reducing their ability to support grizzly bears in two critical ways: first, transforming large expanses of land into smaller patches that will be isolated from each other. If the remaining patches become separated by too great a distance, populations of grizzly bears will inevitably decline and may disappear altogether. Second, development brings humans in to the habitat of bears, which inevitably leads to more disturbance and illegal bear kills. It is this kind of scenario that is typical of the remaining 2% of grizzly habitat in the United States(Stevens, Target Earth). Furthermore, when we protect habitat for the grizzly bear, we are also protecting other non-game species, clean water, big game habitat and places for people to experience the wonder of creation. Protecting the last 2%of grizzly bear habitat in the lower 48 states is a delicate balancing act. In the 20 years since the grizzly bear was listed as a threatened species, habitat critical to its survival has been steadily eroded, through clear-cutting, excessive forest road building, oil and gas drilling and private development. Stevens states, proper balance and conservation of grizzly habitat is the key to the bears future. The grizzly bear is one of Yellowstone's most popular attractions. It is a symbol of the rugged west. At one time, populations were thought to be between 50,000 and 100,000 bears in the 1800s in North America. However, by 1900, only a few bears remained in scattered areas. In 1975, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed less than 1,000 bears remained. Today, biologist report 280-610 grizzlies inhabit the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem. This estimate comes from a study team of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee(Glover and Johnson). Today, there are many organizations and efforts to preserve the grizzly bears for the generations to come. One such organization is the Eastern Slopes Grizzly Bear Project. This project was initiated in 1994 to address the urgent need for scientific information about the cumulative effect of human development and activities on grizzly bears in this area. The ESGBP actively promotes the application of this information in management and conservation contexts. One of the objectives of the ESGBP is to focus on research efforts on the cumulative effects of regional land use and mortality factors on grizzly bears. Another objective is to contribute to the conservation of grizzly bear populations and their habitat in the Central Rockies Ecosystems and especially the eastern Slopes(Canadianrockies). If a plan is not devised to help promote and preserve the wildlife of the grizzly bears, it may not be long before they are taken off the Endangered Species list and placed on the extinction list. Author Edward Abbey stated, â€Å"It is my fear that if we allow the freedom of the hills and the last of the grizzly to be taken away from us, then the very idea of freedom may die with it†. And, â€Å"We must not allow our national parks and national forests to be degraded to the status of mere playgrounds†. Grizzly bears obviously need a large space for survival being their provisions range from a wide variety of nuts and berries. Also, the adult females only produce every three years due to the fact their young stay with them for two years. This is one reason why grizzly bears do not reproduce rapidly. Grizzly bears are the second slowest reproducing land mammal in North America. By keeping the grizzly bear from becoming extinct, it protects many other animals from becoming extinct as well.

Bentham And Mill ( 1806-1873 ) And John Stuart Mill Essay

The most important utilitarian’s in history are Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). Bentham and Mill were very important individuals when it came to philosophy. Their theories has had a major impact both on philosophical work and also an impact when it comes too economically, politically, and socially. Utilitarian’s are consequentialist individuals who believe that actions are right inasmuch as they promote happiness. But Mill defines utilitarianism as a theory based on the principle that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. He also defines happiness as pleasure and the absence of pain. He argues that pleasure can be different when it comes to quality and quantity, and that pleasures that are rooted in one s higher faculties should be weighted more heavily than baser pleasures. Act utilitarian focuses on the effects of that’s individuals actions, while rule utilitarian focus on the effects of types of actions example, killing or stealing. Utilitarian’s believe that the purpose of morality is to make life better by increasing the amount of good things example, such as pleasure and happiness, in the world and decreasing the amount of bad things such as pain and unhappiness. They reject moral codes that consist of commands that are based on customs, traditions, or orders given by leaders or supernatural beings. Instead, utilitarian think that is what makes aShow MoreRelatedUtilitarianism : Bentham And Mill766 Words   |  4 PagesUtilitarianism: Bentham VS. Mill Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that holds the morally right course of action in any given situation is the course of which yields the greatest balance of benefits over harms. 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