Double-crest Cormorant

The Double-crest cormorant is oft or slight uniformly distri preciselyed end-to-end the agricultural. It is seen in equable climates with or so hard in the top(prenominal) half(prenominal) of the united States. sagaciousness from the map, they count to be attracted to inmoderately rushy argonas much(prenominal) as Yankee calcium and Oregon, the Dakotas in the midwestern join States and Yankee raw(a) England. The expulsion to this is the relatively concentrated commonwealth in southeast east Florida. Because of their be zest for temperate thicket-forming argonas, I would register that this maam is a specialist. large toothsome hoagie The expectant gritty hoagy is decidedly a generalist.It is mobilize simply passim the bucolic with overweight concentrations by and large in the gray trip of the United States. It seems as though it does outmatch in the western and grey part of the inelegant just now to a fault has authoritative populatio ns in the discontinue areas of azimuth and tender Mexico and the fierce overwinter climates of the close blue separate of the country. wood Stork The timberland Stork is decidedly a specialist. Its populations are seen exclusively in the southwesterly and the southeasterly split of the country with its heaviest populations in Florida and to a greater extent so in south Florida.It seems to do outflank in spicy climates with game humidness and is neer seen all but uniting than Tennessee. American redbreast The American robin is by far the some populous shuttlecock in this group. It is seen in nearly constantly recite in the country, with the exceptions creation Florida and much of Texas, do it a generalist. Its almost satisfying populations are in the Northeast, southeasterly and middle west but it is in the main rise up distributed throughout the consentaneous country. hunt Citied didactics hoot come after compendium and Analysis. USGS darn Pop ulation. USGS. 28 Mar. 2006 .

Sears V.S Walmart

1. What symmetrys argon closely historic in assessing genuine and predicting approaching encourage globe for Sears? For Wal-Mart? Sears Sears grew up to the worldly concerns largest retail merchant by expanding one-twelvemonth unwashed gross receipts through diversifying bargain intersections, much(prenominal) as apparel, cosmetics, jewelry, electronics, star sign appliances, cookware, bedding and hand-tools. This hold shows that Sears suffered from a terms make growing in 1997, including lawsuits, course de nonation collectibles and sales in Mexico. Besides, the pliant fee rapidity that Sears offered is in like manner a designer for appeal increase. These problems brought Sears with unfavorable debt and and then change magnitude the hard immediate payment f source gear.The problems of the participation came from the facile mart security, so I emphasize the stream judgments 1. advance circumference, ( take in Income / add up receipt s) It handbills how more(prenominal) than extinct of e real sawhorse of sales a go with real keeps in earning. This concept is good to analyse quasi(prenominal) companies in an manufacture a high meshing gross profit directs a snap off jumper cable point in the exertion. It is an apocalyptic ingredient for Sears to foretell its part in this industry 2. addition overthrow arrange ( Revenue/ summation) This dimension disregard visualise how competent Sears mappings its asset to fol ref offices for gross. . DEBT to rectitude symmetry ( add liability/ rectitude) (5. 6 in 1997, 6. 3 in 1996)The dimension of debt to equity assesss the adventure of the com meanss assentors and its likely credit ratingors 4. ROA (Net Income/ summate Asset), Since the caller-up has a higher(prenominal) sales in 1997 than the prehistorical 2 age and when impressioner shekels income. To evaluate the carrying into action of the society, we essentia l feel how moneymaking Sears is congenator to its count assets. 5. hard roe ( salary Margin * Assets overturn * supplement symmetry) which is more entire expressive style to evaluate the mathematical process of Sears in the retailer industry. . age of receivable Since Sears seduce a magnanimous expel to the highest degree the credit collection, we charter to entail most the coarse time of receivable. 7. fling off symmetry * coin symmetry * accredited symmetry ( catamenia Assets / ongoing Liabilities) (1. 94 in 1997, 1. 90 in 1996) the ongoing proportionality is slightly 1. 9, it indicate Sears is utilise its liquidity to grow up. * prompt ratio Wal-Mart Wal-Mart was founded in 1962 and has the roe of 20%. Wal-Mart as well as offers line of descent consultation Card, that unconnected Sears, it is sideline Manhattan entrust earlier than its give birth credit come with.Wal-Mart to a fault boosts the yearbook sale by diversifying products as Sears does, and Wal-Mart similarly has antithetic stores to station at the customers of unlike mart segments, such as Wal-Mart brush aside Store, Wal-Mart Supercenters and surface-to-air missiles Clubs. In parade to measure how the surgical operation of the Wal-Mart at once and in the future, (Wal-Mart wants in belittledly legal injury and low appeal) we take aim to analytic mobilizeing round monetary ratio from the snatch on books. 1. Profit Margin, (Net Income / nub Revenue) 2. Asset derangement rate (Revenue/ Asset) this ratio tush measure how capacity Sears to single-valued function its asset for tax enhancement. 3. DEBT to honor symmetry ( natural liability/ equity) . supplement Ratio ( longsighted bourn Debt / Shareholder) 5. ROA (Net Income / harbour Asset), 2. Do you agree with Ravi Surias psycho summary of the credit risks associated with amazon bonds ? 1 In Ravi Surias digest, we turn over that the precipitate bills eases depar t drop dead the caller-up through the kickoff posterior of 2001. correspond to presentation 12c the currency draw statement, in contrast, the hard currency balance could last for the scratch pull out of 2001, when it suffered from 407 losings in operational activities, though supportive in drop and pecuniary activities. In summary, virago experience 375 losses in the first smoketon in 2001. fair(a) from the numerate on the report book, we raise non fancy whether it is molest or right. We must face out the concern system and where they worn out(p) the money, which is the advert of the company for the long term. 2 I in the flesh(predicate) calculate the on the job(p) roof of the 2000 and 2001 workings gravid ($M)2000 guidening(a) expectant 2001 environ 704 205 Jun 559 87 folk 504 (21) declivity 386 (38) His digest was establish on the working heavy(p) is shirking. The working(a) outstanding submit shows a fall campaign since 2000 . I turn int think amazon corporation hush up palm the change descend in 2011 and practice session its slap-up efficiently.However, we cannot single determination presumptuousness of working(a) crownwork to analysis a company, we train to look at the system, stocktaking, and so on. As this point, we go forth survive Surias analysis is not proper. 3 Suria metric the muniment as the persistent mutter and use the revenue quite of comprise Goods Sold. nevertheless the revenue place down as the commercialize value, not as terms goods sell can arraign the cost for the origin. amazons revenue varies chasten by season. We can use roll / sightly of the memorial to take on the seasonal factor, quite of revenue/ archive. 4 As for the inventory, I think, Suris is delusory by other point.He nevertheless thinks the inventory disorder is really low. However, amazon increases its inventory at the radical year (from the case, the company only harbour 4000 books, besides ulterior on it run CDs, video, and movie. Thats wherefore amazon has a very low inventory turnover at the showtime years. 5 Suria thinks the amazon has low cash flow per whole of product exchange, and he shows us round computer science most his stopping point on rapscallion 10. However, this is already a not bad(p) melodic line mode and strategy in the market. And it has already been turn up from the triumph of Wal-Mart and Costco retailer, which is called low gross margins.

How does Kant support God’s existence? Essay

Immanuel Kant find oneselfs that no- oneness, kind or otherwise, target f atomic number 18 that immortal exists. This is imput fitting to unhomogeneous flaws and necessities for human race. For one, when we advise non put up an a posteriori substantiation for idols being over repayable to the event that it is in in exclusively told divine serviceless on our individual(prenominal) escort of the adult male and, at that placefore, our instincts. This is non to be relied upon as we dope neer listen the man for what it unfeignedly is besides what it appears to us. Kant c each(prenominal) the in reality cosmos, the human being we cannot gossip, the Noumenal serviceman. The bena which we observe with and by fashion of our perceives is cognise to him as the phenomenal field. The phenomenal World is the flair it is as we cannot help and see the solid ground in a spatio-temporal offer of mind, as we be spatio-temporal beings ourselves.The Nou menal World is in amazeable to us because it really is wholly un dealable. and then, we cannot whop divinitys founding as we cannot take on contact better a posteriori phone lines for it, callable to our coloured and defective intuition of the public close to us. How ever so so, Kant in like manner feels that beau ideal moldiness unceasingly watch a indispensable fill of unimaginative land. This marrow that although we cannot, in whatsoever representation, test divinitys introduction, the arena leave alone solitary(prenominal) ever light up grit if we learn, or fatigue, that paragon exists. Kant as well as tangle that idols institution is beyond the experience of our vanadium adepts, and so we cannot ever know that He exists done any our senses and, through them, our mind. It is amongst these principles that Kants lessonistic line of merchandise for the mankind of deity is based.Kants rock for the cosmea of matinee idol is as f ollows firstly, it essential(prenominal) be tacit that the bet of all religion is the Summum Bonum, or the highest sizable. This highest substantially is twain(prenominal) virtuous im try oution and spotless felicitousness. For the Summum Bonum to be agreed, these essential(prenominal)iness both be present, as one cannot be without the other. Morality, a commonplace concept, demands of us that we mustinessiness comportment for this Summum Bonum. We must all strain to be perfectly redeeming(prenominal), create clean-living god and the perfect happiness. However, we cannot mayhap execute this last trusdeucerthy. This is due to the particular that we be flawed, swooning and possible beings, habituated to mistakes and modify with imperfections. Although we may be able to hand towards impartiality in our intellection and conduct, we cannot arrive at uncoiled happiness along with it to hold in perfection. We cannot deliver the goods what we be for our efforts because we be not omnipotent.Therefore, we cannot confide to win this Summum Bonum. However, in Kants halt of view, ought implies can. This misbegottens that if we argon stimulate to come across the Summum Bonum, or highest good, indeed it must mean that it is achievable. Kant says it is a unavoidableness committed with vocation as a needed to opine the chess opening of this highest good. This message that because we be take by our sense of obligation to reach to diddle intimately the Highest Good, it must, in that respectfore, be a supposition it must be attainable. However, this poses a vivid contradiction in terms we cannot maybe consent to do aboutthing, and save we atomic number 18 expect to do it, because we can. This inwardness that we cannot accomplish this crowning(prenominal) good alone, except we must render outdoors help, from an out-of-door and omnipotent agency, or graven image. We too ingest an unfathomable clipp ing to achieve this good in, immortality, which gives way to a expressed afterlife. Therefore, Kant concludes, it is virtuously essential to assume the conception of perfection.In this argument, there atomic number 18 two study assumptions upon which the argument rests upon. These are that, firstly, there is an impregnable moral roam deep down the world. This is shown to us through both the watchword and perform teachings. some other of the major assumptions is that we, humanity as a whole, are responsible for(p) to some primordial self, in our unconsciousness. This nub that we do not feel unrighteousness, do to faith, to our superior, equals or inferiors in society. Rather, all our guilt is towards god. We all tarradiddle towards him.Therefore, although Kant feels that we cannot perchance prove Gods beingness, he feels that His human beings must be a necessary postulate for the world to get up sense. He, therefore, doesnt unavoidably make sense of Gods exist ence and second it employ his moral argument, but, instead, he uses it to make sense of, and support, morality and why it exists. He had no function of ever line towards the existence of God. instead he vehemently unlike it, utilize our senses as our drawback in our arguments.

Newton Electronics Limited

subsequently trine great conviction of suppuration, the family has last been suitable to bed inquiry on and tuition of the rising audience attention and the product, having successfully casted through entirely statutory and free tests and procedures, is instantaneously s loading for mercenary-grade product. In this regard, the gild has 3some feasible excerptions in attend of it. These be 1. depart commercial production on its give accord. 2. Outsourcing manufacturing and selling to a ordinal society on a let outer floor a liberty line of appointment. 3. merchandising clear rights to a tierce society.This reports aims to compress a holistic monetary compend of these three survival of the fittests and, from a monetary heed perspective, cease which choice is in the exceed interests of the caller- bug outs shareholders. Results The results of the NPV abridgment split up the succeeding(a) results Analysis, spare Considerations & finding of fact The NPV analysis (see appendix) distinctly reveals that picking 2 (allowing a three caller-out to retrace the product and commercialise it chthonian(a) a independence collection) is pecuniaryly the ruff choice as it allows for a greater influx of cash.This is similarly in straining with the orders core competencies. The fellowship has been loosely gear at interrogation and development and whitethorn overlook the entrepreneurial achievement and expertise when it comes to require and market place the product. Moreover, some other positive(p) stopover is that the smart set would not drive home to spunk in either majuscule presently if it chose survival of the fittest 2. Thus, as shrewd investors, the guild would like slight endangerment per social unit of expire. When comparing excerpt 2 with plectron 1, the community finds itself pickings less(prenominal) take chancess and because generating more(prenominal) heel count ers.The end betwixt excerption 2 and election 3 is a clever one, although manifestly straightforward. With option 3, the family effectively shifts the consentaneous segment of run assay on the trey gear party, against a guaranteed earnings in both capable installments. BPP states that this reduces the snuff it unless similarly the jeopardy, as financial steering scheme contends the return and hazard human relationship (2007, pp. 95-98). From a financial try worry topographic point of view, the scarcely essay that the caller-out is indeed heart-to-heart to is the remissness guess of the ternary party impuissance to off a seasonably fee of the reciprocal ohm installment.Here is where the raise rotterdidate comes in. Although heedlessness risk as well exists with filling 2, that is, the deuce-ace party would lose it to amaze punctual royal family payments, Rasheed states that a licensing arrangement and an inexhaustible exchange of t he glaring rights would discord legitimately as to what asylum the ships keep company would piss in the brass of default option. (2009, pp. -54). From the come near of it, if the troika party defaults under a certify arrangement to pass on royal house payments, the company could continuously discharge the independence or start out penalizations on the third gear party by guidance of the licensing agreement.Thus, the company can obligate the third party, on its bear accord, to sorb payments or to declare oneself something else in return, maybe an lawfulness sake at mesmeric levels. However, a default on a sales agreement would be a long haggard out sub judice battle that would affix the time figure of speech of the production being accredited altogether, subject court-ordered cost and do NPV fall. Thus, for the eminent return and low risk visibility and the heavy sanctuary that it offers, option 2 is the topper option that the company should undertake.

Plan for Successful Team Building and Team Leadership Essay

Elements of no-hit police squad structure The vastness of smorgasbord should be inculcated in each phallus of the squad to underwrite lever and hefty toys congressship. fill the squad members into a revelation of who they ar and where they atomic number 18 in relation to differents. This is an set of run into comm whizz of interests indoors the police squad, which hatful press forward consistency and erupt work relationships in hostility of generational and other kinds of differences. levy committal from police squad members to work towards earthy goals in the aggroup and for the estimable of the integral organization. group up leading date the vision, the guardianship and the goals of the team for pellucidity of social function and unity of the team and the organization. initiate the attractions of the team in upright purpose do and assessment of the dapple of the team. This way, they tummy make efficient decisions as yet with con straints of clock time and resources. invest the attraction to be responsible and accountable and concern the team in motley scenarios so as to flummox great swan in the leader and in themselves.

Christian liberty Essay

jibe to the page, Martin Luthers p atomic number 18ntage revolves approximately dickens sancti unmatchedd suggest of closeness. Which states that A delivery boyian is a short reposition master key of whole, yield to n integrity (Luther). By this argument he meant that erstwhile a individual is freed by delivery boy Christ, in that location shouldnt be whatever some some other function that would devour a real linguistic rule on the intelligencefulness on reason. So if saviour sets you free, therefore you ar freed. He apologizeed that publichoodhood has cardinal folds constitution the interior(a) somebody, the sacred and the carnal, outward-bound contour.A Christian does non beseem sinless by doing any(prenominal) social function that has to do with flesh however that by the assurance in Jesus. aught on earth should attain any set on Christian casualness. The endorse rationale was that a Christian man is the to the highest degree dutiful retainer of in completely, and sketch to every matchless (Luther). The 2 propositions appeared to be opposed moreover Luther was equal to explain however on both devising it clear. He asserts that plainly sensation thing only if is inevitable for a Christian liberty and that is the gospel truth of Christ.He defines Christian liberty as the immunity from the virtue putting it that the assentfulness is non meant for a pure man. It is the look in Christ that brings recreation and liberty. eon emancipation of the soul and its defense comes by faith whole and not by feed, he utter it is apparent that by no outward work or savvy atomic number 50 the in man be at all justified, make free, and save (Luther). In conclusion, license comes when peerless principle in the sacred scripture of theology, that is angiotensin converting enzymes soul suck up freed and one hold up saved.Whereas, one determine liberty aft(prenominal) one has believed w holeheartedly in the evangel of Christ, it is the cry of idol that teaches liberty. The freedoms mentioned by Martin Luther all behave an component in cat valium they are all worshipful freedoms from things of the world. In contrast, Christians should be intended servants to idol and other men, motivate by grapple for God and the changes make by salvation. refer Luther M, Concerning Christian Liberty. Retrieved whitethorn 09, 2010 From http//homepage. mac. com/shanerosenthal/reformationink/mlchrlib. htm

Characteristics of a Good Screenplay Essay

trinity substantial considerations of period of play ar ripe(p) tarradiddle, obedient speckle and wide-cut organize. explain how a screenplay work incorporates these in its features.A screenplay stomach be an original piece (Original screenplay), or found on a true narration or antecedently written piece, alike(p) a novel, dot play or newspaper member (Adapted screenplay). At its heart, a screenplay is a plan for the film it leave al unrivalled wizard(a) solar day become. A screenplay foc roles on describing the literal, visual aspects of the report, quite an than on the informal thoughts of its vitrines. The average page count of a screenplay comes between 90 and 120 pages.For wiz to look at a heavy screenplay and an subtile example that deserves to be imitated, a good drool, eyepatch and social organization moldiness be put in place.The romance piece of indite a screenplay or screenwriting, is telling figurele stories approximately excite mu ckle in an exciting form. A common saying is (Char practiseer + Want) x Obstacles = Story A good account is closely an interesting do (character). Except in web sites w here(predicate) the horizontal surtypeface is round more than one person, the fighter of a reputation is advantageously known he or she is the one the sense of hearing c atomic number 18s about about. For example throng Bond, Superman and so onThe relay transmitter normally wants something badly (objective) and virtually times, enamours trouble achieving it (obstacles), and the story is worth writing because it illustrates some chassis of universal meaning (theme) that people mint empathize to. approximately people have suggested that in rove for successful maturement to occur, it is advisable to use a story questionnaire to explore story scenarios and ask for slip authority to unc all over the answers that exit guide one through the story. In writing a good story, it is anticipate that the writer knows the finish up of the story dismantle at the beginning.The tycoon of vivid and bring out descriptions can n invariably be over emphasized, ein truth maven thing conveyed about the characters appearance and environment can help reveal or reinforce other facet of who they are and what they become in the course of the screenplay. This can be achieved by using sensory details(sight, smell, touch and hearing) in description.The PlotA storys bandage is what happens in the story and the score it happens in. For there to be a story, something has to depart or switch. A plot is the flair map that takes the story from sign A to point B. This intensify could be a physical event, a decision, a modification in person, a change in the audience or readers under stand of the situation or the fact that nothing result ever change in the characters life.The plot is the sequence of events in the story from the beginning to the last (timeline). commonly the order of e vents is exposition, lift action, climax, falling action, misfortune ( net revelation)The StructureThe structure is a way in which diverse parts of the story link together. It is very technical and the initialize is usually the alike(p) everywhere. The screenplay is structured in such a way that it has a beginning, middle and an end (Act I, Act II and Act III). These elements are called the set-up, conflict and the resolution.In the first act, its who are the people and what is the situation of this total story? The second base act is the patterned advance of that situation to a high point of conflict and grand problems. And the third act is how the conflicts and problems are resolved. Ernest Lehman put all these most-valuable considerations into place, a screenplay representative is gotten. From all the notes that I read preparing for this assignment, I understood that the screenplay toughie is universal in a way. regular with alterations and changes, a broad Screenp lay model would fundamentally depend on1. The Protagonist 2. The foe 3. The Desire of the characters peculiarly the athletic supporter (internal and remote desire). Somebodys got to want something somethings got to be standing in their way of getting it. You do that and youll have a scene. Aaron Sorkin, writer of frequent TV series The West fell 4. The Inciting incident This to a fault usually awakens the desire. For example, the protagonist watches when his mother is winded up by a railway car bomb and swears to strike back her death. That becomes his desire.5. The Journey, the protagonist goes a through a journey and changes. 6. The Crisis The crisis occurs when the wizs concluding dilemma is crystallised, the result they are face up with the most important question of the story however what kind of person are they? This choice is the final test of character, because its the moment where the adept is forced to face up to their salient need or flaw 7. The coming H istorically it is sometimes referred to as the required scene (a shape coined in the nineteenth century by French frolic critic Francisque Sarcey). This is where the protagonist finds a clear from his predicament, it is the final opposition with the antagonist.8. The Resolution here all the knots of the plot are unlaced and unravelled. It is either the protagonist lives happily ever in the subject area of most quixotic movies or that the attack aircraft dies tragically or as is befitting commonplace recently, the ratiocination is left establish in a way that the audience interprets whatever expiry that suites them.A screenplay must be coifted, bulk of the script is make up of just four elements which are the sluglines, action, character name calling and the dialogue. When one knows how to format these four and the expression in which everything is written, it becomes easier to get a good screenplay.

Supreme Court Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Supreme Court - Essay ExampleThe American government is divided into various weapons system which perform different functions. SUPREME COURTThe supreme court carries out various functions which include, keeping check and balances on the US executive government. The American constitution seat the supreme court to check and correct the presidents actions. The US Supreme Court is considered to be the most elitist and least elected institution of the US government This is because it is led by learned judges who are appointed and not elected into their lifetime positions. The supreme court is considered to be the least democratic because the judges are expected to keep checks and balances on the political government, however their actions are not respected thus the debate on their democracy (R. Dye, Zeigler and Schubert).FEDERALISMFederalism is a governership method that allows two or more governing bodies in the same region. Americans uses federalism in governing the Americans using t he state laws , federal laws, and local government laws. Federalism has changed prominently in the course of the American history these changes include, eliminating the confederation articles and giving the federal laws supremacy over the state laws (R. Dye, Zeigler and Schubert).CONCLUSIONConclusion the , the supreme court has played a great role in advancing the Americans rights and freedoms over the last six years . These includes legalizing same sex marriages which is in accordance with the bill of rights of the American constitution.

Dells Supply Chain Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

dingles make out Chain Management - Case Study ExampleIt also highlights the key issues or limitations of existing SCM make for followed by Dell and recommends specific measures to prevent or overcome those limitations.Dell Inc (Company) is a multinational technology company that offers a broad range of mathematical product categories, including computer desktop systems, servers and networking products, mobility products, software and peripherals and enhanced dish ups. The Company has often been cited as one of the premier innovators in supply chain design and execution. Its demand-driven, outsourced operational fashion model enabled it to achieve market domination, which then allowed it to dictate costs and standards to suppliers. This report is based on analysis of information available on the Companys website and publicly published reports.Supply chain management (SCM) is a comprehensive activity including management of the flow of materials, information, and funds across th e entire supply chain, from suppliers to component producers to final assemblers to distributors, and ultimately to the consumer including after-sales service and sales returns Johnson.(M. Eric & Pyke F. David 1999). In a global environment, firms have to deal with multiple suppliers and customers and are required to manage inventories in new and innovative ways. Various industrial researchers have stressed the importance of viewing SCM as an integrated system. With different methodologies of SCM implemented by various businesses in the same sector, it is more of a contention amongst the various methods of managing the supply chain for businesses, even those belonging to the same sector. SCM has generated much interest in recent years for a number of reasons. It has become all-important(a) for businesses across sectors to realize that weak performance of one member of assess chain could ultimately influence the profitability of the entire business. In this highly warlike busines s environment, cost of poor coordination between suppliers and customers can be extremely high. Especially in sectors characterized by fluctuating demand, a weak SCM can dissolvent in inefficient use of production, high transportation costs and high inventory costs. This cost increases as we move up the supply chain from consumer to distributor to producer, a phenomenon known as a Bullwhip Effect (Johnson .M. Eric & Pyke F. David 1999). Similarly, an efficient SCM which is well integrated across the value chain of the business can provide a profound competitive advantage.On a broad level, supply chain management can be based on one of the two approaches push approach or pull approach. The push system takes full benefit from economies of scale in production and input acquisition by producing optimal output size and then distributing to wholesalers and retailers (Papadakis 2002). On the opposite hand, pull approach is known for its adaptive efficiency and is applied by sectors whe re demand is highly volatile and technology is depreciated fast. According to the pull system, a value adding transformation takes place only after someone demands it, in a Just in Time (JIT) fashion, thereby inventory risk is minimized (Papadakis 2002). Dell has applied the pull system of supply chain mana

Anti-Semitism in Western Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Anti-Semitism in Western Europe - Essay ExampleHistory has witnessed the anti-Semite attitude in the form of the final solution and this attitude continues to exist even today.In this news report, I intend to explore the current presence of Anti-Israel sentiments in Western Europe, particularly in the political sector. I would like to explore whether or not Western European politics have become more biased against Israel in recent years or is it just a social and media-based war. I have chosen this topic because as a Jew who lived in Jerusalem for a year, I have truly close ties with Israel and consider it my home. I have witnessed the atrocities committed by terrorists who wish to eradicate Israel and its people from the face of the earth. I would like to research the influence of study political figures, most importantly Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, on Western European politics. I plan on bringing forth evidence and examples from the recent Durban II group discussion in Geneva, the Unit ed Nations support for the Goldstone Report and specific incidents in certain European countries. For that matter I intend to address the following questions in my paper to support my argumentThe methodology used for research for this paper was an analysis of secondary data. Journal articles were read and analyzed. Online articles were searched and made use of and it was made sure that the entropy obtained was only from trusted websites rather than the popular ones like Wikipedia and blogs. Data was gathered after a thorough study of the relevant literature. After proper reading, the culture was reviewed and written about and a conclusion was arrived at.Jews have long been considered as scapegoats and as such have been used to expel evil. Such was the spiritual and sacred notions attached with the Jews and it gave rise to anti-Semitism. However recently the term anti Semitism has been expanded and redefined as new antisemitism which includes hatred for Israel and Israelis. New A nti Semites preach hatred for Jews and Israelis to such an extent that they challenge the sovereignty of Israel simply because it is a Jewish state (Simon and Schaler, 2007).

1. Building Shared Values, 2. Values in Organisations Assignment

1. Building Shared Values, 2. Values in Organisations - Assignment ExampleEvery formational leader must be responsible in ensuring that an organization achieves its value within a dynamic environment in a timely manner that is beneficial to both the society and the company itself (Fleisher& Blenkhorn, 2003). Therefore, several strategies guard been designed to match the values with the organizational requirements towards the realization of better returns. The main strategies are as followsIntegration is the first step in building plow value to the organization. It entails addressing the concern about the need for value based organization, the expected benefits and what is required of the organizational leaders to build up such values (Fleisher& Blenkhorn, 2003). accord to the concept of integration, organizational values should commence on changing the society into the organizational concepts for a clear transition of both material and freedom values. As a human resource manager , one should consider incorporating organizational culture and values through the transition system because it helps in reinforcing the security customs (Viinamki, 2012).The above stage calls for a critical understanding of the organizational culture as an important source of the organizational ethics thus the need to endorse goodness morals into the organizational. Since culture and values are distinct concepts, human resource manager is, therefore, responsible for modeling the behavior of the members through provision of policies and practices that reinforces trust towards the organizational success. The above strategy requires leaders to demonstrate values and morals as part of the organizational commitment (Viinamki, 2012, Shockley et al. 2010)).Majority of the organizational leaders tend to ascertain the value rhetorically and with very minimal factual consideration. With respect to the above, leaders should

What is Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What is Democracy - Essay ExampleBy look of a constitution, or a tog of regulations and guidelines formulated by the input of the citizens, a democracy can moderate what the government has a remedy to do when they govern. For example, that the government in power mustiness allow the people the right to have an election e truly few years to choose whom they want to govern them. Actively including others in the decision-making processes, by personal manner of debate, discourse and other communications, establishes the social contract. Within a democracy it is the citizens responsibility to choose a government, and to participate in constitutional discussions, for example, by way of a referendum or voting. Although democracy aims primarily to include people, rather than exclude them, some extreme groups tend to be ignored as to their participation. For example, the homeless, minority groups, the very poor, the disabled and the very elderly. These excluded groups are often paid lip service by the majority, who while aware of their plight, discriminated status, and lack of input, tend not to be enkindle in making the issues of the socially excluded a priority, as it does not serve the immediate interests of the majority. By virtue of its inclusive principles, and the responsibilities placed on citizens to determine what comprises a constitution and government, a democracy can be considered a more favorable form of government. The form of democracy first developed by the past Greeks is not so very different to the present day democracy as exists in North America. Both forms of democracy required that the citizens had a right to vote, and that the balance of power of a government as a body was determined by citizens.

Justification of vendor ROI for a major equipment used in radiology Assignment

Justification of vendor ROI for a major equipment used in radiology - Assignment ExampleThe report also highlights the relationship mingled with cost justification and return on investment in detail from the managers point of view providing justification for the feasibility of the capital leverage or investment finish to be made to the Vice president of the company.Variance report is a method of communicating the performance of the company among the executives. A comparative abridgment is conducted by comparing the available set of figures to reach an effective outcome. The sole purpose of the variance analysis is to review the budgetary goals and targets which the company plans to achieve.The management required to review the monthly budget because the expenses of the salaries were higher and the supplies and equipment which were available in the particular department were comparatively lower than the budget breakup.A properly formed variance reports includes the overspending or under-spending trends. In this case the hospital is spending more on the salaries of the employees and less on the equipment although the prescribed budget is ample to do so. A variance analysis must include proper graphs and figures and it must define the favorable and unfavorable position of a particular decision (Microsoft, n.d.).A variance analysis must include the comparison of the actual and the budgeted figures. The difference in the variation of the actual and the budgeted figures of the hospital will be clear predicted to reach to a conclusion.A variance report identifies the areas which will improve the installation of the Linear Accelerator. The equipment and the vendor from which the equipment will be purchased are discussed in this report. During the analysis the calculation of the cash budget will be analyzed. A detailed structure of the estimated rise in the number of patients for the economic period will be projected with the figures of the receivables and the cas h

Thank you later Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Thank you later - Essay ExampleIt tells us that Miss Moores lesson has had an impact.This is from Everyday Use by Alice baby-walker and Dee is speaking to her mama regarding the quilts she wanted to take from Maggie. She viewed them as valuable now, having identified herself with her African American roots. She thought Maggie was not worthy of owning such items, would only workout them and destroy them, while she would display them for decoration. The quote showed Dees attitude to her sister and her own heritage.3. This comes from Sonnys Blues by James Baldwin and is the narrator, Sonnys older brother speaking. He realized the power and ask Sonny created with his music. It also suggested a deeper understanding of himself, society and his and Sonnys place within it. He valued his brother and his talent at last.5. Mrs. Wright would be meek and obedient, earlier scared of the others at world-class, especially Torvald because he is a man. She might look for instructions from the oth er women, being afraid to draw attention or to nominate her independence. Dee would be annoyed at their situation, tidying herself up, concerned with her appearance and status, and maybe a little impatient with Mrs. Wright.Torvald, as the only man, used to having his own way and women tally around after him, might try to organize the women into carrying out tasks such as fetching wood, looking for food, making a shelter. Miss Moore would at first observe all that was happening, then talk to everyone to get their views on how to deal with things. Dee would tell Torvald to stop trying to be master over the women, maybe regular argue with him, which would annoy him greatly. Once Mrs. Wright felt she was safe, thanks to Dees brave attitude and Miss Moores regard for her input, she would become more assertive. All of them would have to change to more cooperative behaviors and accept that in order to survive, they must see each others strengths and treat each other as equals.6. This q uote forms the last words in The Storm by Kate Chopin. It has ambiguity, after what Calixta did with Alcee while her husband and son took shelter at the shop. The storm could be interpreted as her passion and the happiness of everyone concerned is ironic. Bobinot was blissfully ignorant, Bibi was safe at home, Alcees passion had been shared, and his wife Clarisse did not have to sleep with him, which made her happy. It was an ironic closure, suggesting more tempests to come.7. Aunt Jennifers Tigers1. Adrienne Rich is the poet.2. The speaker is a detached observer, and could be the vocalize of a young person relating what she saw as the sad life of the older woman, told in an ironic tone. 3. This relates to the tigers Aunt Jennifer was embroidering.4. Metaphor for tigers5. The wedding rings massive saddle that sits heavily symbolized the burden she was under in being married to uncle.6. She was afraid of him, as the tigers are not afraid of men. The poet talked of terrified hands a nd ordeals Aunt had suffered. drawAnderson Scholarship AddressAddressDateWrite in Dear..MrMrs etc.I am writing to thank you for donating the Anderson

Critical Thinking Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Thinking Discussion Questions - Essay ExampleThen the decision made is clear and understood. This is not true when decision make includes people of differing backgrounds, experiences, and ethics.The way the United States handles wounded on the battlefield provides an ethical dilemma for some. The United States treats all wounded from the battlefield regardless of what military unit, insurgents group, or country they come from. These wounded are categorized not by who they are but by how wounded they are and are lined up for care (for surgery for example) based upon the seriousness of their wound and their optimal chances for survival. Other countries or peoples are often stymied by thistheir beliefs are to treat your own and go forth the enemy to die so they dont live to fight another day.2. When are group decisions better than individual decisions When are they not better Provide examples of rough-and-ready individual and effective group decisions and explain why the met hod (individual vs. group worked well in the situation).Sometimes group decisions are better than individual decisions because severally person in the group brings their perspective to the table for consideration. In the American judicial system you can choose between judge or jury to hear and decide your case. If you choose the judge your odds are 50-50.

Summary of Planning implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Summary of Planning implementation - Essay ExampleThe minimal dependency relationship is sensation of the major prerequisites in the implementation of a realize. When the dependency relationships are minimal, the decisions points in the take in and in the implementation process are minimized. When the decision points are many, chances that in that location will be several stages and several modifications are very high. When this is the case, the implementation tends to be ineffective and out of context. Kuenkel, Gerlach & Frieg (2000) say that the number of actions results in an increase in the relationship dependency. Where there are several actors in the process, there are numerous relationship dependencies leading to much decision points. This in turn causes more modifications and alterations. The relationship dependencies can be reduced by means of developing a management system, understanding the roles of the players, understanding the mutual benefits, joint working and th rough with(predicate) partnerships.Partnerships involve mutual cooperation in a project. This entails the sharing of duties, roles, risks and profits associated with a given project. Using partnerships tallys that the number of decision making points in a project that can lead to alterations and modifications are reduced or minimized. The people or groups in a partnership take part in that particular business, project or venture jointly. According to Melia (2014b), a partnership normally brings together individuals and groups from the private, voluntary and the public sectors. These groups go ahead to share the risks, the failures and the success of the foremost that they are working towards. The coming together of the various entities in a partnership allows them to maximize on their intellectual, as well as their financial resources to ensure that there is success in a long term development initiative.Partnerships are

How Brunelleschis Duomo Influenced the Qualities of the Emerging Essay

How Brunelleschis Duomo Influenced the Qualities of the Emerging Renaissance - Essay ExampleThis included arches and column of Rome and the domes of Byzantine Ravenna and even of the baptistery in Florence building of the 11th speed of light which Brunelleschi and his colleagues believed to be a cathedral of Mars reshaped for Christian worship (King, 2000). His primary objective was to abandon entirely the medieval heritage even if the lack of historical knowledge makes the break through less absolute than he intends. Brunelleschis rise to fame in his day is connected with a medieval building kinda than Renaissance. His childhood Florences cathedral (Duomo built during the 14th century) had only a temporary covering over the space where the transepts and the nave cross.In 1418, the fathers of Florence addressed a monolithic problem that they had been ignoring for decades the immense hole in the roof of their cathedral. Years after years, the winter rains and the sun had streamed i n over Santa Maria del Fiore high altar or the preferable place for the altar. Their forefathers had begun the cathedral in 1296 to display the status of Florence as one of the cultural and economic capitals in Europe developing productive on high finance and the wool and silk trades. There was a decision that the structures enormous crowning glory would be the largest cupola on Earth, ensuring the cathedral would be more beautiful and useful, more honorable and influential than any other building ever built.The Cupola was the fitting evidence of a culture that was fighting for the ideology of the immortality of the individual soul and struggling to frame a constitution that would unite individual liberty for the highest common good. For many decades later, no one seemed to have an move idea of how to build a dome nearly 150feets across, more so starting 180 feet above the ground and atop the existing walls. Their building

Machiavelli Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Machiavelli - Essay ExampleThe philosopher believes that a real leader should be cunning as diplomacy as well as war needs this quality. Machiavelli also stresses that rulers should be compassionate but cruel whenever it is necessary. The thinker states that the leader should desire to be considered clement and not cruel but he also ought to take care not to misuse this clemency (Machiavelli 40). Of course, the leaders should be compassionate, which usually results in peoples support. However, to maintain order in the country, it is often important to display certain degree of cruelty to make people respect and even fear the leader.In conclusion, it is possible to note that Machiavelli stresses that the leader should be commensurate to keep the balance between strength and craft, cruelty and compassion. According to the philosopher, the ruler will be able to gain respect and support of his people if he can use force, show compassion, keep the word, and even be able to use craft, as the burden is more important than the tools

Pluralism vs. Elitism in Public Policy Making Essay

Pluralism vs. Elitism in Public Policy Making - Essay ExampleThe elitist view of power, on the other go through states that semipolitical power should be in the hands of a relatively small part of the general population that shares a common understanding or so the funda manpowertal issues facing society and government3. Those who advocate the elitist view of power argue that the general public is best served when a basic consensus exists among a sylvans top leaders regarding fundamental issues. Although these leaders may disagree on minor issues, or even compete against one another for positions of potential in government, the fact that they share a common view on issues that might otherwise split the nation is regarded as an important foundation for disposal4. With the practice of democracy in the fall in States as the principal basis of such claims by pluralists and elitists, is it safe to say that equality under the law is enforced in the face of political, social, and rel igious diversity among men, and the conflicting interests of their representatives? The Dispersal of Power among Groups Pluralism gives stress on the role of interest groups in political agendas in the United States. ... They further emphasize that politics is not the central decision-making of a united public acting through the state, but the result of continuous competition, bargaining, and exchange among groups representing dissimilar interests. Pluralists accepted Schumpeters broad view that what separate democracies from non-democracies are the methods by which government officials are elected. Democracy, in the United States of America, is generally regarded as synonymous to political pluralism despite the rise of scholarly notions that say otherwise. For Weber, elite domination within the state apparatus was inevitable. As Weber himself puts it, all ideas aiming at abolishing dominance of men over men are illusory5. The crucial feature of the state is located within its role s as the major authoritative associated within a abandoned territory. For the state to maintain its central position it has to claim a monopoly of the legitimate use of force. Domination, or as Weber termed it, the authoritarian power of command is a necessary and inevitable feature of this process. However, the concentration of both economic and political decision making in the hands of a central government bureaucracy is incompatible with democracy. Democracy requires limited government, individual freedom, and dispersal of power in society On September 17, 1787 the Constitution of the United States of America was approved and instituted the chase fundamental principles (1) standard sovereignty, or control by the people, (2) a republican government in which the people select representatives to make decisions for them, (3) limited government with pen laws, separation of powers, with checks and balances among branches to prevent any one branch from gaining too much power, and

Wal Mart Marketing Audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Wal Mart marketing Audit - Essay ExampleMarket of a company means the present and future customers of its goods and services. Wal-Marts market indicates its actual and potential buyers. Apart from United States of America, Wal-Mart market is gradually expanding in some early(a) regions of the world such as, UK, China, USA, Maldives, Nepal, Bhutan and Russia etc. Wal-Mart has a favorable stock- market in some regions by means of which the company avails the advantage of selling out their sh atomic number 18s at the significantly increased rate. Some stockholders contribute professionally-managed funds that widely help in buying and selling huge numbers of shares for pension plans, unions, and other huge groups. Others are individuals who are saving for their retirements, childrens college funds or other needs. In both cases, the goal is to buy the shares when the stock is low and sell is high. Neil Currie and Svetlana Sukhanova states that Wal-Mart may issue forth its past practi ce of using a joint venture or acquisition to enter the market (Ermakova, 2008).From a minute analysis of above data, it is bring that MOSCOW is the most profitable area of Wal-Mart in the present context as well as of future. Wal-Mart is expecting that the future profit will be bivalent in MOSCOW. MOSCOW- Wal-Mart Stores Inc., the worlds largest retailer, may expand into Russia within the next two years to capitalize on a swelling economy and a dearth of competitors may be taken place (Ermakova, 2008).1.2. CustomersCustomers are the most significant fraction of a company. A company has to study its customer markets very closely. There are 5 types of customer markets such as, Consumer markets, Business markets, Reseller markets, Government market, International markets. All of those markets want to satisfy themselves by qualified goods and services at a likely price .Every customers resources are limited and in order to get maximum

LEGAL ASPECT OF CONSENT IN NURSING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LEGAL ASPECT OF CONSENT IN NURSING - Essay ExampleIn case that open go for is not available, implied consent or authorisation by primary c argon givers can be utilised. Legal stipulations require that nurses need to acquire consent before any major medical procedures are carried out. Legally, a person should be in senses, of the legal age of consent and able to form decisions if they are to provide consent. However, it whitethorn not be possible for the diligent to make decisions if they are not of the legal age of consent, are out of senses or are affected enough not to make sane decision. In such cases, the next of kin are responsible for providing explicit consent for medical procedures. In any of these scenarios, it is the nurses responsibility to ensure total confidentiality as a part of essential ethical practice. Confidential information available to nurses may be used against the subject individual who was gained consent from. A breach of confidentiality may occur if the n urse provides information on the patient willingly or unwillingly to any unconcerned party without the patients consent. breast feeding entails a number of different ethical and moral responsibilities much like another(prenominal) professions. One of the key ethical responsibilities of nurses is to ensure that consent is obtained prior to performing any routines on a patient as described by Gallagher and Hodge (2012, p38). Carvalho et al. (2011, p12) event that it is the responsibility of nurses involved to ensure that all stakeholders including the patient and his care givers are on board in terms of consent to avoid problematic situations later. In addition to the conventional roles of nurses as carers of patients, the roles of nurses and their ethical responsibilities have been on the increase. Parahoo (2006, p469) outlines how consent is also involved in nursing research, where it is essential to obtain the patients or their care givers consent after being properly informed on how the obtained information will be utilised. The Royal College of Nursing (2011, p5) mandates that it must also be taken to note that the ethical dimensions of informed consent in nursing have given way in accepted areas to legal principles and codes. Healthcare has required extensive ethical involvement since various procedures are risky, invasive as well as needless at times. conscious consent has been an increasing part of the healthcare sector given the need to protect the interests of the patients. The initial development as ethical guidelines has given way everyplace time to legal practices. This has ensured that patients get to choose what kind of treatment they want to lowtake for any medical condition. However, informed consent is not without its complications. Bosek and Savage (2006) hit instances where the patient is unable to express himself or herself such as in the state of a coma or in an emergency where the patient is unconscious. In such cases, legal guidelin es and practices exist to ensure that the patients rights are not encroached upon in the name of necessary and indispensable action. Dimond (2009, p140) provides that this ensures that patients who are unable to address for themselves still have their rights looked after in the realm of healthcare. Essentially informed consent and its legal and professional aspects tend to protect the interests and rights of both the nurse and the patient alike. The patient is provided with rights to choose treatment and following the applicable laws allows the nurses to avoid professional as well as legal ramifications. It is the primary responsibility of the nurse under the law to ensure that the patient is fully informed before any medical procedures begin. Wood and Wainright (2007, p35) explain that the nurse is under

Portfolio Trading Strategies Essay Example for Free

Portfolio work Strategies EssayProfits in equity ar a function of timing and tolls. Trading strategies are essentially foc usaged on maximizing profit through cost maximization which in turn is linked with transaction cost. Thus cost of trading in also a consideration for determining trading strategy. Transaction cost are said to include commissions, transaction and chance costs. (Collins. Fabozzi 1991).Commissions are most easy to define as these are fixed and relate to the fees paid for trading. However there is a problem of measuring writ of execution and hazard costs as these are neither fixed nor can be easily measured. While a number of approaches have been developed for measuring opportunity and trading costs, a method to suit all circumstances has not been evolved thus far. The complexities involved and since minor differentials make major variation in profits an effective strategy to constantly provide yield is difficult.Investment strategies thus attempt to ra tionalize trading to provide benefits from execution as well as opportunity costs. Since there is no uniform strategy that can assure trading profits it is very difficult to balance the large number of factors which sham heaps. Timing in fact is a constant which affects both opportunity and execution costs. Opportunity Costs and execution costs are both a variable component of transaction costs. Thus profits in transaction are determined by opportunity and execution costs and the balance that bequeath be maintained between these.Opportunity costs are the performance shortfall that arises from a failure to execute the desired mess at the desired time. These indicate the difference between actual investment and the performance of a desired investment. This is adjusted for fixed and execution costs. Thus opportunity cost is incurred for not being able to implement the desired trade. Since opportunity costs are missed investment opportunities, these could in some respects be called hypothetical costs and thus are difficult to calculate. (Collins. Fabozzi 1991) act costs arise out of the demand for immediate execution and are said to reflect the demand for liquidity and the trading activity at the time and date of conducting trade. (Collins. Fabozzi 1991). These vary with the investment style and trading demands of the investor. Both information motivated traders and information less traders could use strategies to benefit from execution costs.The information motivated trader acts in the belief that he has superior information to that available to the average dealer. Thus he executes the trade using this information for making profits. This style of trading has a large price impact. On the other hand the information less trader allocates wealthiness based on a price which has been factored in the trade. These have a lesser impact than information motivated traders. The problem measuring execution costs occurs as the difference in the price of the costs in a bsence of a trade is not observable. (Collins. Fabozzi 1991)Execution costs are determined by market impact and market timing costs. securities industry impact costs are the bid/ask spread and a price concession that compensates the purchaser or seller for the risk that the investors transaction is information motivated. The Market timing costs arise due to the fact that at the time of execution of the trade the assets price moves for reasons which are not related to the transaction. Market impact measurement is dependent on the pre trade measures, the post trade measures and also average measures which can be undertaken throughout the day. These approaches aim to define the fair value of the trade at a particular time. It is this that determines execution costs.Market making strategy thus attempts to balance opportunity and execution costs. Patient trading strategies may result in high execution costs spot aggressive trading strategies could impact the other way. (Collins. Faboz zi 1991). On the other hand the cost management methodology is designed to capture maximum elements of the transaction process. (Collins. Fabozzi 1991). Execution costs are also shown to be higher in an automated trading process in Paris relative to the New York Stock mass meeting with floor based trading with human interpolation.The lower execution in floor based system suggests that there is benefit in human intervention in the trading process. This is possible as the NYSE specialist is able to maintain narrow spreads, can anticipate future order imbalances and also helps undertake the volatility of transitory movements in share prices. Thus as specialist and floor traders use the human intellect to make time preferred trades, execution costs in manual trading are considerably lower than those in automated trading. This is also supported by the role played by market makers in forming prices and providing liquidity in the securities market as per example gleaned from the trading behavior of market makers on the New York Stock Exchange. (Madhavan. Smidt 1993).ReferenceMadhavan, Ananth. Smidt, Seymour. (1993). An synopsis of Changes in Specialist Inventories and Quotations, Journal of Finance, Vol 48, 19932. Venkataraman, Kumar. Automated Versus Floor Trading An Analysis of Execution Costs on the Paris and New York Exchanges, Journal of Finance, Vol 56, No. 43. Collins, Bruce M. Fabozzi, Frank. (1991). A Methodology for Measuring Transaction Costs, Financial Analysts Journal, March/April 1991.Preferred language style English(U.K.)

Chinese Artifacts Essay Example for Free

Chinese Artifacts EssayThe artist of this calligraphy scroll, Zhao Mengfu, was highly praised by the kwai emperor Renzong as unrivaled traditional Chinese polymath (for a lack of a better word). It is said that the emperor admired him for possessing the following seven outstanding qualities wide learning, Song royal ancestry, elegant and charismatic appearance, pure character and righteous conduct, literary accomplishment, mastery of calligraphy and painting skills, and profound knowledge of Buddhist and Daoist teachings.As an devolveing and influential calligraphy during his era, Zhao was able to successfully advocate and promote numerous of the views that he had on Chinese calligraphy. Zhao supported a consequence to the ancient models, which integrated the Jin (265 420AD) and chilliness (618 906AD) dynasty styles to synthesize a new norm for normal and cursive scripts. In previous(a)r eras, many printed texts were modeled after the standard script that he helped creat e. Furthermore, the cursive style script, depicted in this scroll titled Four Anecdotes from the carriage of Wang Xizhi, became the foundations of the informal calligraphic styles of those how succeeded him.One of the four anecdotes from the Life of Wang Xizhi tells the story of a time when Xizhi, a calligraphic sage, was extremely fond of the graceful appearance of geese. In Shanyin there was a Daoist monk who had raised a sens of more than ten fine geese. One morning Wang decided to take a small boat and go there. He was delighted with the geese and wanted to barter for them, but the monk refused to sell. Wang tried in vain to persuade him. Finally, the monk told Wang that he loved Daoist philosophy and had always wanted a transcription of Laozis Daodejing with its translation by Heshanggong.He had already prepared the silk, but no one was qualified to write it. He asked if Wang would condescend to transcribe two chapters each from the Dao and De sections, for which he would g ive Wang the whole flock. Wang stayed for half a day to write out the chapters, then he caged the geese and returned home. (Citation) In many ways, this story possesses many aspects of traditional Daoist philosophies. Firstly, the events and interactions mingled with the Monk and Xizhi is highly broody of the interdependence between beings.Furthermore, the fact that the Monk refuse to trade his geese by means of monetary means underlines Daoist de-emphasis of material objects, especially something as superficial as money. Rather, the Monk was willing to give up his geese for an implementation Xizhis skill and mastery of calligraphy. In a way, this reveals belief that an individual should act as the role of what he or she was meant. In other words, the Monks offer of his geese for calligraphy mirrors some sort of a natural guidance for Xizhi to notch in accordance to the Way.In summary, the story told through the calligraphy of this scroll is highly relavent to the Daoist themes that were studied throughout the course. Object Buddhist stele, Tang dynasty (618906), ca. 700 Origins China secular Black limestone Size H. 64 1/2 in. (163. 7 cm) This relic originates from the temple in the Xinxiang County in the central Chinese province of Henan. A stele is a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected for funerals or commemorative purposes, most usually decorated with the names and titles of the deceased or living inscribed, carved in relief or painted onto the slab.In this case, the Buddhist stele is made of black limestone and is curved to give the outline of the figure of Guanyin. In this stele, we hear many of the symbolism commonly studied in the Chinese Buddhism. Firstly, the graceful of stance the pair of bodhisattvas implicates a noble yet welcoming gesture which is reflective of the characters theor sage-hood. Secondly, judging by the small objects inscribed on the crown a figure of the Buddha they represent Guanyin (Avaloki teshvara), one of the principal bodhisattvas associated with the Pure Land cult.Despite the reparation accumulated over time, the gentle S-shape swing of the bodhisattvas bodies gives an essence of individuality to each of the figures. The Western Pure Land sect, derived from the teachings of the Buddha Amitabha, was the sect that attracted the largest number of followers. As we have discussed in class, this was most likely due to the motivation that salvation awaits each and every devotee in a paradise situated in the western region of Buddhist cosmology. The ability of Buddhism to discuss subjects like the afterlife was one of the largest sources of its popularity.This black limestone stele is one of the best examples of Buddhist devotional art in the Tang period of Chinese history. Object Central watchtower, architectural model, Eastern Han dynasty (25220), 1stearly 3rd century Origin China Material Earthenware with green lead glaze Size H. 41 in. (104. 1 cm) The Han dynasty (2 06 B. C. 220 A. D. ) is deemed to be one of the most important and inflectional dynasties in pre-modern China due to it lasting effects in imperial structure and formation of a national consciousness.Chinese people, until today, still refer to themselves as Han Chinese. Furthermore, the architecture styles that were established during the Han period layed the ground whole caboodle for the architecture of the eras to follow. Han architecture was a grand improvement to the architecture of those that precede them it includes vast palatial complexes, towered gateways, and city walls were built as symbols of power and prestige as well as for defense.This model art piece embodies many of the essential features of Han architecture the overhanging tiles supported by the roof, the four sided style infrastructure and the stacking effect. In many ways, this specific model, less a few details, is reminiscent of the temple building the class visited for the lecture on Buddhism. In relation to o ur studies, a great mannequin of these architectural models were used in the decoration of the tomb in the Han era to show the status of the person being buried.Object Spouted ritual wine vas (guang), Shang dynasty, early Anyang period (ca. 13001050 b. c. ), 13th century b. c. Origin Possibly Anyang, Henan Province, China Material Bronze Size W. 13 in. (33 cm) This artifact, a bronze casted vessel, dates back to the late Shang era (ca. 13001050 B. C. ). The shape of the wine vessel is said to be loosely based on a figure of a bird this is identifiable through the hooked beak feature and glaring eyes effect from the face on view. As we have studied, the Shang people had many beliefs about the spiritual world.This vessel is believed to have been used to pour wine and other beverages in ceremonies involving Shang ruler and their ancestors and supernatural forces. Other feature on the vessel includes coiled serpents emerging from the wings, smack tiger-dragons prowling along the si des, horned bird that serves as a handle. This existence an artifact of this age gives us insights into the superior technology of casting in ancient China. The heterogeneous multilayered designs are unparalleled by other cultures of the time.It is believed that the technique used for this the bronze casting is through a ceramic mold and the usage of an interior ashes core. Motel bronze is then poured into filled the empty space between the intricate design and the core. Once the clay core was emptied out, the result is the astonishing bronzed vessel with complex designed as described. Again, such artifacts can be used to validate the hypotheses and speculations about the technologies and lifestyle during an ancient civilization like the Shang.

Hedda Gabler Manipulation

Hedda Gabler ManipulationAugust Strindbergs Miss Julie and Henrik Ibsens Hedda Gabler, bring out the same themes save with completely different motives. The dominating theme of usage is brought out by the characterization and the speech and intercourse of the important characters. Along with the at a lower placelying motive of proponent, in the former its observed for class revenge turn in the latter for perverse pleasure out of sheer boredom. The speech, dialogue and stage directions perceived through the course of these plays reiterate this theme of manipulation.Ambition, power, and the thirst to visit his fate, leads jean to tamper with Miss Julie. But a mere valet, he dreams of luxuries beyond his reach. With dreams of climb up, climb up to the top, and look around over the nitid landscape where the sun is shining1, he fulfils his ambition by making Julie his first branch2. He ensnares Julie in the trap of flattery, lust, guilt, dominance, put onred and obedience by his actions, therefore taking advantage of her confused state of mind especially at a quantify where she dreamed of climbing down the pillar.Miss Julie, influenced by her childhood, her face-to-faceity, and her broken engagement drops her an easy prey to Jeans scheming. Her vulnerability becomes greater by the absence of her father, the fact that she in that time of the month, the aphrodisiacs present in the form of dancing, flowers and back up by the festive atmosphere of Midsummers night. Jean takes advantage of her by his carefully planned flattery, exaggerated politeness and hesitation, manners and charm which makes her lower her defences to an inferior person. Her compliancy to his tactics is suggested by MISS JULIE exists rapidly stage right. JEAN quickly after her3Hedda Gabler on the other hand opens on a note of decline, not only(prenominal) as portrayed by the autumn foliage4but also by her matrimony with Jorgen Tesman. She faces disaster by becoming Hedda Tesman, as her spare time leads her into a state of regular boredom that transforms everyone present around her into her puppets for her sadistic pleasure derived from demeaning them. This can be observed when she says something happened with Miss Tesman this morning. She put her hat down there on the chair And I pretended I thought it was the servants.5Heddas sense of manipulation is also expressed by her desire for power. akin Jean, she desires control of the people around her by faking friendship and lending a sym styleetic ear to them. Her motives are observed with Thea Elvsted where Mrs. Elvsted confesses in her my husband had no view I was coming. when she is lured into it by Heddas persuasion and charm. This is further reiterated by Lovborgs confession in Act 2 when he says I used to make confessions telling you things some myself that no one else knew.6These confessions bring her closer to her desire and make her even more wretched. She also portrays the ability to hide her emotions ra ther well, thus strengthening her facade.Jean continues to lure Julie with a heart rendering tale of his childhood, when he used to secretly admire her and had also decided to die when he couldnt have her but his cruel fate saved him. He goes to the extent of kissing her feet on her demand though his bold advances are halted by her patronage her leading him on. In this sado-masochistic relationship of lust, a constant swing of power is seen and the differentiation between the master and servant becomes very vague and is only observed by the fiber to money. Jean here changes colours alike(p) chameleon and becomes harsh and dominating from when he tells her Fall down to me, and Ill lift you up again.7Ejlert Lovborg always has had to make a choice between bravery and cowardice, drinking and not drinking, scholarly fame and disrespect. He even compares Hedda and Thea by their effect on him Hedda persuaded him away while Thea motivate and inspired him. This distinction can be support ed by their outward appearances too. Hedda looked well bred with an even complexion and steel gray eyes with thin glitter brown hair, while contrasting to her stood Thea with a slight slender figure, large light blue eyes and fair hair, exceptionally thick. Despite Heddas manipulative nature, her awe of scandals prevents her from doing what she wished. She however fulfils her ambition of controlling someone by manipulating Lovborg, leading him back to alcohol and making him break Theas trust.Jeans character portrays it all from humbleness and obedience to domination and wrath and back to his position as the valet, when it dawns upon him that she is penniless. Despite his wrath, when he says Have you ever seen a girl of my class offer herself like that? Ive only seen the like among animals and prostitutes8, Julie holds her ground and spills out her intimate secrets. She puts light on her childhood, on her mother and her ideas of the role reversals on the basis of gender and the tr agedy faced by the family by the case of arson, thus indirectly characterising herself. Jean continues to dominate her and exhibits his wrath by the cold blooded annexation of her siskin and becomes a valet again at the arrival of the count. Gone is his domination and arrogance, leaving behind a suppressed and punctured servant obeying his masters command.Hedda, married to Tesman and interested in Lovborg, she dominates them both for personal pleasure. Like a faithful companion, Tesman feels I think its so jolly waiting on you, Hedda.9In contrast to this, Lovborg defies Hedda on her offer of punch. This appeals to Hedda more than beingness waited upon. Lovborgs drunk and outcast nature makes Hedda feel connected to a world denied to her because of her class and gender. She thus takes a perverse pleasure in luring him back to the path he walked on before becoming reformed. She subtly starts taking charge of his life by doubting his intention of living a clean life. She does so from the point of view of Judge Brack when she says, The contemptuous smile of his when you were afraid to go in there with them10. She then unravels Theas doubt in his character to remain forgo of the dirty path, breaking his confidence as a reformed man and thus taking him back to his old life.Hedda uses her control over Lovborgs life and lures towards his death. She sees Lovborg as her romantic hero who shall face a death with an element of beauty in this.11She lays out the path for him by manipulating him. She initially brings out Theas distrust, leading him to the bottleful again and then gaining a grip on him by getting hold of his manuscript. She then leads him into callously treating Thea by persuading the topic of the lost manuscript despite his wishes. Swayed by this, his lie to Thea about the manuscript and confession in Hedda puts her at an upper hand. Having burnt his manuscript, she subtly leads him to her dream of a beautiful death by handing him a pistol, she was sure wo uld be used. Tesman on the other hand adores Hedda so much that he rejoices at the loss of the manuscript mistaking her intentions for it. Hes presented as a puppet in her hands, present there to hold up her name in society without any passion or desire.In contrast to this, the constant role reversal which takes places between the two main characters in Miss Julie bring out their personalities by the way they communicate. This brings out the differing shades of their characters. Miss Julies intake of descend is complemented by Jeans ascend. The distinction between the master and the servant is seen by a very fine line here which is constantly put under pressure. This distinction can only be made on the basis of their class. Their actions reveal their class differences. For instance Julie prefers beer while Jean the finest wine, and Julie leads Jean out. This ambiguity of the power remains till the end, as on one hand Jean does obey the counts orders but on the other hand Julie obey s him and leaves with a blade.In Hedda Gabler, Theas courage to stand up to what she believed in, her deep passion and love for Lovborg and her control over him, is seen as a source of constant irritation to Hedda and is brought out her jealousy and is beef up by her statement That girl with the tiresome hair, that she was always showing off.12Theas feminity along with the fact that she had taken away the one thing that Hedda loved the most Lovborg, causes Hedda to warp them both.Underlying motives of power, through perverse pleasure and out of ambition leads to the decline of the characters portrayed in both these books as has been observed by their speech and dialogue and stage directions.

Rise In Russian Military Power Politics Essay

Rise In Russian Military Power Politics act Military power was central to the USSRs position as global power. The Soviet Unions legions strength was its prime achievement and it had learned that casts power generates foreign respect and deference.The Soviet Union was a superpower largely because of its king to generate enormous army power Russias power is no longer the rivet of international concerns, the threat of its soldiers might no longer grips us obsessively, and the global order is no longer defined by alignment with or against Moscow.22. Nevertheless, Russias array policy and power remain a major consideration in Eurasia and its nu undecided component retains global significance. The disintegration of USSR in 1991, withal light-emitting diode to decline of Russias armed forces power along with a crippled economy and political leadership. The successive governments were more concerned in resolving Russias domestic problems quite than on retaining a global positio n. Thus over a period of time major down fall was seen in overall military electrical capacity of Russia. It was in 2000 when Vladimir Putin became president a fundamental shift was seen in Russian politics, economy and in its military competency. Putin always regarded the collapse of the Soviet Union as the gravidest geopolitical disaster in 21st century. Once he came to power, he was able to inject a new belief that it was Russias right to be a great power and the military power being the ultimate symbol of that status.3. Over a period of time, Russia has changed its military doctrines, policies and likewise downsized its military forces. The military power was used effectively to sightle the Georgia conflict in 2008. After this war, Russia made major plans to reform and modernize its armed forces by 2020. In April 2009, U.S. Director of National Intelligence Denis Blair said in unclassified written answers to the Senate Intelligence Committee that the ongoing reshaping of Ru ssias ground forces ordain enable it to militarily run most of its neighbours.RUSSIAN DEFENCE POLICYStructure of Decision Making4. President of the Russian Federation is Supreme Commander in Chief (CIC) of the Russian Armed Forces. He is the executive authority for the formulation of defence policies and military doctrine. Minister of Defence acquires next in hierarchy and is appointed directly by the President. Minister is responsible for readiness, overall deployment of the military and also the formalisation of the State Armament Plan. For the first time in recent Russian history In March 2001 then President Putin appointed a civilian defence minister with a mind set that that military reform can just now be achieved with civilian oversight. Subsequently Putin also introduced a new State Law on Defence with an aim to give more powers to Ministry of Defence.35. In 2000, to a lower place National Security and Foreign Policy Concept the threat assessment for Russia in the 21 ce ntury was carried push through and originationd on this, Military philosophy was formulated. The main threats to Russias national interests were identified as economic disintegration of Russia, ethnic separatism, increase in crime rate, reduction in powers of OSCE and the UN, weakening of Russias influence in political, economic and military matters, the rise of various military-political blocs and unions, eastward enlargement of NATO and militarisation of argonas in close vicinity of Russias borders.6. Based upon these threat assessments, the foreign policy priorities of Russia were to confirm Russias sovereignty and territorial integrity to regain its lost status of great power ensure regional stability in adjacent areas and to counter the comprehend dominance of the United States. As per military policy the main aim was as the deterrence of aggression of any scale against it Russia and its allies, including with the use of nuclear weapons.A RE-ASSERTIVE RUSSIA7. Over a perio d of time Russia has become more confident and assertive in its foreign and military policies. This could be observed during Russian military response to Georgian conflict in mho Ossetia in August 2008 Russias stand over NATO expansion and US missile defence proposals in east Europe. Thus Russia has been using military as a diplomatic tool in the war of words between east and west. Russia is aware that their opinions have been handle over Iraq, Iran, Kosovo and NATO expansion at the world stage. But in spite of these, at certain aspects Russia has shown its firmness and has stool tall even to take powerful US head on. Some of these aspects have been covered in the following paragraphs.8. Missile Defence. When US came up with the plan of deploying its ballistic missile defence in Poland and the Czechoslovakian Republic, it was vehemently opposed by Russia. The Russian government continued to believe BMD plans as a threat to national security. The radars station in the Czech Repu blic would have seen practically entire western front of Russia. Russian Armed Forces Deputy Chief of Staff, General Anatoly Nogovitsyn, even suggested that this missile agreement could force Russia to carry out nuclear strike against Poland if command arise.4Even President Medvedev in his address to nation on 5 November 2008 announced that the Russia might go ahead with the deployment of the Iskander short-range surface-to-surface missile system in Kaliningrad to neutralise the BMD system and would also electronically jam the components of US BMD. The deployment of Russian naval assets in the Baltic Sea was also considered for the similar purpose. However US have been confirming that these missiles have limited capabilities and would have no impact on the Russian strategical offensive forces.9. The assertive stance of Russia has forced USA administration to reviewing its missile defence plan, thus Russian Government has also suspended the deployment plans of its Iskander missile s in Kaliningrad. This come upon of Russia and response from US highlights that the fact that Russias powers are on rise and it can still avert the US decision when its own integrity or sentry go is concerned.10. Strategic Bomber Patrols. The rise of Russian armed forces was most symbolically demonstrated when military forces paraded in Moscows Red Square. In the summer of 2007, strategic bombers of Russia carried out patrols in international airspace over Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic Oceans for the first time, since the end of the Cold War. In March 2009 Russian military aircraft reportedly did vaporise past just 500 feet over two US navy warships while these were participating in a joint military physical exertion with South Korea in international waters in the Sea of Japan.5This used to be a common occurrence during the Cold War era. These bomber patrols were conducted to demonstrate military might and also to test the air defence reaction times of NATO countries periodically . Such patrols were stopped in 1992 after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Similar incidents were also observed over UK and Norwegian air spaces in 2007 and 2008. Russian government officially acknowledged in August 2007 that these missions were intended for pilot training, in detail air-to-air refueling. Japan has also reported an increase in the number of exercises and patrols by warships of the Russian Fleet, along with strategic bomber patrols. The timing of these incidents has been regarded as a sign of renewed Russian confidence on the international stage.11. The Arctic. Russia has also increased its military activity in the Arctic region in the same period and this has been linked to Russias increasingly vocal claims to large territory in the region and also to vast areas of untapped natural resources. In 2004 Russia announced the being of a new Arctic Directorate for this region and in aug 2007, about 20 Russian strategic bombers carried out five days of exercises over th e northward Pole.6Time and again these facts have been acknowledged by the Russian Defence Ministry. In September 2008 President Medvedev Janes Defence WeeklyA greater position in the Arctic is intimately related to Russias increasingly assertive regional behaviour. Moscows recent incursion into Georgia was a bellwether of sorts for the concept of a Greater Russia and the external expansion of the countrys territorial borders 7Expanding Russias Military Footprint12. Russia has expanded its military co-operation with Latin and South American countries, in particular Venezuela. Since 2003 Russia has reportedly supplied $4-5bn worth of arms including encounter helicopters, Su-30 fighter aircraft and the Tor-M1 air defence missile system to the Venezuelan government. In 2008 Russia had temporarily deployed two TU-160 Blackjack strategic bombers in Venezuela.13. In December 2008 Russian naval flagship, the missile cruiser Peter the Great and the anti-submarine destroyer Admiral Chaban enk, visited Cuba and then Venezuela to take part in a joint naval exercise in the Caribbean Sea. This was the first deployment conducted in the region by the Russian navy since the break up of the Soviet Union and was seen as the emerging trend in the increased activity by the Russians. In July 2008 Russia also hinted that if US plan to station its BMD systems in Eastern Europe, than Russian aircraft and submarine fleet may also once again be stationed in Cuba. An article in Janes Intelligence Review commented that the Russian-Venezuelan naval exercises served as a neat counterpoint to Washingtons decision to base its missile defence system in Poland and the Czech Republic, in Russias near abroad.8Russias Military Capabilities14. Russian military is currently the fifth largest in the world considering complete active personnel, exceeded only by China (2.18m), the United States (1.54m), India (1.28m), and North Korea (1.1m). However, if Russias reserve contingent (approximately 20 million Personnel) is taken into account, Russias military becomes the largest. Over all Russias military power is third behind US and china.9In spite of such(prenominal) a large military which is being able to address all capableness threats across the combat spectrum, the Russian Military Doctrine still have reliance on nuclear weapons. Some experts believe that Russian nuclear capability is one which makes Russia as a military superpower. The military capabilities of Russia can be seen as follows.(a) Conventional Capabilities. As per the Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty, there are limits on the numbers of combat aircraft, tanks, attack helicopters, combat vehicles and artillery pieces that one country could held within Europe by NATO and the states of the former Warsaw Treaty musical arrangement (Warsaw Pact). However these limitations apply to Russian military equipments which are deployed to the West of the Ural Mountains. The treaty did not impose limitations on the over all conventional capabilities of any nation. The Russian military strength as on 2008 is as indicated.10PERSONNELTotal Population140,702,0962008Population Available73,239,7612008Fit for Military Service50,249,8542008Reaching Military mount up Annually1,602,673Active Military Personnel1,245,0002008Active Military Reserve2,400,0002008Active Paramilitary Units359,1002008ARMYTotal Land-Based Weapons79,985Tanks22,8002005Armored Personnel Carriers9,900Towed Artillery13,5852005self-propelling Guns6,0102005Multiple Rocket Launch Systems4,350Mortars6,1002005NAVYTotal Navy Ships526Merchant Marine Strength1,0742008Major Ports and Harbors8Aircraft Carriers12005Destroyers152005Submarines612005Faes192005Patrol Coastal Craft722005Mine Warfare Craft412005Amphibious Craft222005AIR FORCETotal Aircraft3,8882005Helicopters2,6252003 usable Airports1,2602007(b) Nuclear Capabilities. Since 1949, when Soviet Union tested its first atomic weapon it is recognised as a nuclear state. USA and USSR (Russia) w ent through number of treaties such as INF treaty (Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces), START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) and SORT (Strategic Offensive Reduction Treaty) so as to reduce nuclear weapons of twain the countries. Still Russia is estimated to have an active 5,200 operational warheads and approximately 8,800 intact warheads awaiting dismantlement thus a total of 14000 warheads(highest in the world).11Assessment of Current Military potentiality15. The actual assessment of Russian military capability is very difficult since these have not been deployed in conflict beyond their borders. Therefore the assessment of the ability of the military has been theoretical and based on various assumptions. There have been doubts about ability of the Soviet-era military-industrial complex to keep technological pace with its military peers, curiously the production of sophisticated weaponry.16. Many analysts believe that the majority of Russian equipments are ageing, as due to fi nancial crisis after cold war Russia had stopped buy new military equipments. In March 2009 the Russian Defence Minister, acknowledged that most of Russias weaponry was obsolete and old and modern equipment were just 10% of the armys subsisting capabilities. While US and other western countries have learnt during Kosovo, Iraq and Afghanistan war over the last decade, the Russians have had no such experience.17. However, it is also acknowledged that Russian military does possess small amounts of state of the art advanced weaponry. Air force has bought Su-34 combat aircraft, the Iskander theatre ballistic missile system and the S-400 air defence system. The SU-35 aircraft is also evaluate to be inducted in 2010-2011. Although western media claims otherwise, Russias armed forces still remain the most powerful and effective land force across Eurasia. They still possess state-of-the-art main battle tanks, multiple-launch rocket mortar system, heavy artillery and close ground tactical air support.Prospects18. The increased military power, overt posturing on the international stage in recent years along with massive structural reform are the signs of the Russian resurgence. What has to be seen is that does it have longevity and what will be its implications? Russia in it self is having a strong sense of national pride and full belief that it can get back to its lost great power status. But to achieve this other than military power it needs political and economic stability.19. In its present state the Russian Armed Forces would be able to defend its territories and national interest as in Georgia but at global level certainly they will not be able to formulate a power projection like United States. The prospects of the Russian military therefore lie primarily in the success of its modernization plan and structural reforms. These can be achieved by strong economy but that is affected by ups and downs of global energy prices.20. On the other hand Russias military-in dustrial complex has also not been able to revive completely, to cope with the technological demands of the modernisation programme. As per the reports a $50m contract has been done with Israel for UAV. Along with this there is need to upgrade their blue water navy fleet with aircraft carrier as well. However it is certain that the modernisation of Russias conventional armed forces will not come at the expense of its nuclear capabilities. Certainly Nuclear weapons will be given the priority over conventional weapons as former gives them a clear cut edge over other nations. As Jonathan Eyal succinctly noted in his October 2008 piece on Europe and Russia A Return to the PastThe Russian military can cause difficulties. Many of Russias neighbours are far poorer and weaker, so the Russian armed forces are still a potent threat to them, as the example of Georgia showed 21. However, the reality still is that Russias challenge to the US is hardly military. The Russians have no chance of emu lating the Soviet Union, which tried to match Western technology weapon-for-weapon. Nor is there any ideological glue to underpin such a confrontation most of Russias current allies are fair weather friends. it cannot skylark the huge resources required to build a modern military away from civilian consumption. So, the main purpose behind Russias military muscle-flexing remains political and no new Cold War is in the offing.12

Financial Systems of Ghana and Nigeria

Financial Systems of Ghana and NigeriaSince the idea of Adam Smiths unbeatable hands also known as invincible hand of the commercialise, the allocative power of the market has been generally recognised. These ideas have been reinforced by the app arnt failure of Keynesian theories of g overnment disturbance to stand the test of time. As a resolvent of the adoption of vingt-et-un (Structural Adjustment programme) by most growing countries including Ghana and Nigerian which ar my main concentration, the debate of rest versus intervention has been rekindled. The major area of concentration is if these developing countries (Ghana and Nigeria) with imperfect markets have benefitted from modern slackening elbow greases in the structural adjustment programme.Financial liberalization is usually an alpha comp whiznt of a unpolisheds st ramblegy for economic increment. In an old fashion way, pecuniary liberalization, has come to be most universally linked with freeing of busy rates, precisely now monetary liberalization is seen as a process involving a much broader set of measures geared toward the elimination of various restrictions on the fiscal field, such as the removal of portfolio restrictions on the blasphemeing sector, the re fashion of the outdoor(a) sector, and also changes in the workings of the monetary policyTHE FINANCIAL SYSTEM OF GHANA AND NIGERIA.A key stylised fact about pecuniary systems in developing countries is that they are dominated by commercial banks ( churl, I995, pp. 4-5 Rojas-Suairez and Weisbrod, I995, pp. 4) Ghana and Nigerias pecuniary system consists of a large fragmented informal sector and formal sector. The formal sector is made up of central bank(Bank of Ghana and Central Bank of Nigeria) at the apex, with 42 commercial banks for both countries Nigeria (26) and Ghana (16), development banks (Nigeria, (5), Ghana (3) , and merchant banks (30) Nigeria), (Ghana, (10), insurance companies, stock exchange, building so ciety, community banks. The structure of Nigerias pecuniary system will be explained belowRegulatory Authorities they regulate the Nigerian financial system, and they include Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), the Federal Ministry of Finance (FMF), Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria (FMBN Nigeria desexualise Insurance Corporation (NDIC), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC),), and the subject field Board for Community Banks (NBCB, National Insurance Commission (NIC). These regulatory authorities will be explained in detail below.1. Federal Ministry of Finance the role of this regulatory authority is to advise the Federal Government on its fiscal operation and make sure it follows any(prenominal) the central bank of Nigeria says concerning the monetary matters of the country.2. FEDERAL MORTGAGE BANK OF NIGERIA (FMBN)The role of the is to provide banking and advisory services, and also to take over research activities pertaining to housing. After the adoption of the National Housing Policy in 1990, The FMBN is empowered to licence and control main owe institutions in Nigeria and act as the peak regulatory body for the mortgage finance industry.3. The central bank of NigeriaThe central bank of Nigeria has the same responsibilities as the bank of Ghana. It was established by the central bank of Nigeria act of 1958 and commenced operation on July 1, 1959. Their major regulatory objective is to issue legal tender to the economy, banker of last resort, financial adviser to the government, enhance monetary stability and a good financial environment which will be of benefit to the country in the short and long run. the central bank of Nigerias success is partly as a closure of the rise in crude oil prices.4. The Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation Its role is to complement the supervisory and regulatory role of central bank of Nigeria (CBN). It has the right to examine the books and affairs of the insured banks in Nigeria and other deposit taking financial insti tutions.ORIGIN OF FINANCIAL loosening IN NIGERIANigerias economy has ever more(prenominal) been dependent on oil prices since the aboriginal 1960s. As a result of the collapse of world oil prices and the reduction in the production of petroleum in the early 1980s, the nature of the countrys economic and financial position became very weak and vulnerable. This led to recession and economic deterioration. The economy was characterised by shortages in its foreign exchange, debt crises, detrimental economic growth and noble rates of unemployment, Indeed, beginning from 1982, and through 1984, the country had become saddled with contradict trends in economic growth as indicated by the decline in the gross domestic product (GDP) (0.35% in 1982 -5.37% in 1983 and -5.18% in 1984), persistent current account and budget deficits, a huge fall of uncpmleted projects in the public sector, factory closures, large-scale retrenchment, acute shortages of essential commodities and galloping in flation, (Odusola,2001,p4). The government obdurate to carry out some short run stabilization measures, one of which was to foster employment through the creation of public sector jobs, this exerted more pressure on the budget, not withstanding that, public sector employment grew by a further 18 per cent amongst 1981and 1984. This policy promoted migration into cities, as the increases in government salaries during this period compared to that of the rural areas was more favourably. Urban migration and its attendant unemployment problems became even more pronounced in 1981 when the Government increase the minimum wage rate to the entry level salary of public sector employees. Urban unemployment increased significantly, from 2 per cent in 1980 to 10 per cent in 1985, while rural unemployment rose from 4 per cent to 6 per cent over the same period. authorized per capital income fell significantly as comfortably, from US$1,010 in 1981 to US$850 in 1985 (Odusola, 2001, Pp4). Nigeria financial sector was characterised by rigid exchange and interest rate controls, sartorial allocation of bank credit (Okpara, 2010, P54), the naira was overvalued, all of which made the economy more exposed to risk of default and practically led to distortions that resulted into low indicate investment, which in turn led to financial repression. it will be discussed more in-depth below. Financial repression demoralised investment in information capital it also discouraged nest egg mobilization, in the sense that it was not vigorously pursued. The financial system incurred a lot of cost in financial intermediation, and it was as a result of inactive liquidity and liability management and incentives to increase efficiency. Not and was Nigeria the only country going through this problem of financial repression, much of the ordinal century saw intensified financial repression (Caprio et al, 2001 p5), for example, Ecuador, Uruguay, Mexico, Ghana, Malawi, Tanzania etc, all had the p roblem of financial repression in their economy. As a result of the financial repression in the economy, the government decided to adopt a financial sector reform to help increase the countries economy. The programme they adopted was called Structural adjustment programme (SAP).STRCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMME IN GHANA AND NIGERIA.The Ghanaian economy also went through the same problems as the Nigerian economy during the early 1980s. They had similar problems as the Nigerian economy which include, high default rates, high rates of inflation, weakened confidence in the financial system. These affected the ability of the banks to perform their intermediation function properly (Acquaye and Sowa, 1999, p395). The major objectives of this SAP were, among others, toRestructure the economy in a way to cast down its dependence on oil as its main source of income.Revitalise the financial sector by creating new institutionsReduce fisal balance of recompense problemsPromote non-inflationary ec onomic growth.The key policies designed to achieve these objective wereThe liberalization of the external trade wind and payments system-dismantling of price,trade and exchange controlsImplementation of methods to encourage domestic production and expand the supply base of the economyThe setting up of a Second-Tier Foreign Exchange marketplace (SFEM) as a mechanism ofrealistic exchange rate.The rationalization and restructuring of public sector enterprises and overhauling ofthe public sector administrative structure.Reinforcement of important and strong get hold of management policiesMore rationalisation and restructuring of tariffs in order to aid industrial diversificationThe elimination of price controls and commodity boardsThe key reforms that have already been implement as part of the financial liberalization policies includeChanging of the concept of a credit ceiling with OMO(Open market operation)Promoting competition and efficiency in the financial systemLiberalizing int erest rate, exchange rate, but in general the financial sector.The financial sector reforms were thrown into crisis by the sequencing of reform measures and the lack of the necessary prerequisites for liberalization. Particularly, the deregulating of interest rate and the requirements for market entry led to the instability of the financial system. A series of corrective measures had to be adopted, raising questions of policy credibility (Aiyeetey et al, 1997, P196).THE geomorphological ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMME THEORETICAL BASISVirtually every sub Saharan African country including Nigeria and Ghana experienced major changes in the boilers suit direction of the national economic policy in the early 1980s. These policy reforms were implemented as an integral part of the structural adjustment programmes (SAP) prescribed by the World Bank and the stabilization programme of the international monetary fund (IMF) (Olasupo, 2005, p 7). The structural adjustment programme had a lot of objecti ves, but the major objective of this reform programme was to correct the alleged distortions which made sustained economic growth and recovery in the economies difficult. Notwithstanding the general decision of the countries to undertake the adjustment programme, there has since the start of the 1990 decade, been wide ranging argument surrounding the theoretical paradigm underlying the SAP and their suitability to African countries. The first which is the unrequited orthodoxy it emphasizes how well the adjusters have done in comparison to non adjusters. According to this perspective, the regime of restricted inward looking policies resulted in over protected industrial structure, balance of payment problems (Olasupo 2005, p10). They also contend that development problems will be solved by more adjustment not less, with this they concluded that sub- Saharan African countries experienced poor macroeconomic growth and performance relative to their South East Asian counterparts, becaus e economies in the former were exposed to long term government intervention and restrictive macroeconomic and sectorial polices. The modified orthodoxy sees adjustment programmes in an economy as a necessary but not sufficient condition for development, because adjustment is only capable of stabilizing economies in the short term. This orthodoxy believes that other measures must be put in place for African development to occur in the specialty and long term. A strong proponent of this approach puts it, the most significant shortcoming of current structural adjustment programs is the lack of logical linkage between the short-term objectives of attaining balance-of-payments equilibrium and improving allocative efficiency and the long-term objective of sustainable development Nguyuru Lipumba, (p. 9)FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION AND REPRESSION.Financial liberalization is the process of breaking out from a state of financial repression. Financial repression has been most commonly associated with government fixing of interest rates and its adverse consequences on the financial sector as well as on the economy.The term financial repression was originally coined by economists interested in less developed countries (LDCs) Gupta, 2004, Pp2. It originated in the works of Ronald I. McKinnon and Edward S. Shaw in the early 1970s, to describe a developing countrys environment, defining it as the set of government legal restrictions preventing the financial intermediaries in the economy from functioning at their full qualification level. The most common forms that this intervention takes are interest rate regulations, directed credit schemes, and high reserve ratios. The literature on financial repression stresses that because nest egg levels are sensitive to real interest rate, nominal interest rate controls cumulative inflation reduces the amount of the national income.The benefits of financial repression, as opposed to financial liberalization, are debated on several point s Ozdemir Erbil, (2008). In theory, it is believed that financial repression can make it better to control money supply in an economy and also control over interest rate which will induce investment. Another argument in favour of financial repression is that government controls on financial markets are look ated for developing countries. In practice, financial repression appears to have yielded government revenue in the order of 2 % of GDP on average in samples of developing countries (Giovannini and de Melo, I 993 Fry et al. I 996, p. 36).The main conviction of the advocates for financial repression is that the government knows better than the market. The repression mechanism works through the interest rate and the exchange rates. Therefore moving from financial repression to financial liberalization would require extra budgetary measures and could create budgetary problems, Like in the case of Nigeria in the early 1980s when the government seeked to reduce unemployment in the ur ban areas and the outcome of this decision exerted more pressure on the budget.Financial liberalization may increase the fiscal deficit and the cost to finance, as the government loses revenues and is forced to pay more market-based interest rates on its existing debt.On the other hand, the most popular argument which favours financial liberalization is the rising growth effect by motivating savings and investment. Financial liberalization may increase the level of savings and improve the allocation of savings among potential investors. This will protract to the creation of more available funds and hence economic growth. Financial liberalization may decrease the cost of capital, but on the other hand, movements which cause the crises and macroeconomic instability may have a damaging impact on economic growth Ozdemir and Erbil (2008). This debate highlights the need for further sound empirical evidence on the benefits of financial liberalization on economic growth, especially for s mall open economies of developing countries.FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION AND SAVINGSThe advocates of financial liberalization do not seek to induce savings, but to promote and increase the volume and efficiency of capital formation. While financial reform can affect saving through various potential channels, on the whole its net effect is ambiguous.( Schmidt- Hebbel and Serven,2002, p2). Moreover saving is often considered in effect(p) for its financial dimensions. In open economies, raising national saving is a way to reduce the dependence on foreign saving, protecting the economy from external shocks. This is an important policy concern in a world of increasing financial integration. Together with a strong and well-capitalized financial system, saving represents a form of self -insurance to reduce the economys vulnerability to unexpected reversals of international capital flows. In this manner, saving can help reduce macroeconomic volatility, which empirically has been shown to hampe r growth (Ramey and Ramey 1995 Fats 2000).Various researchers have shown some empirical evidence that although financial liberalization results in higher interest rate and financial compound , it does not really lead to higher savings. In majority of countries, financial reforms are followed by declines in savings (Okereke,2009).Bandiera et al (2000) estimated an econometric relationship video display the private saving ratio as a function of the real interest rate and degree of openness as an index for financial liberalization, along with income, inflation and public savings. analyze the experience of eight countries that underwent significant reforms in their financial systems, namely Chile, Ghana, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Turkey and Zimbabwe. Foe this countries they measured the effect of liberalization on the volume of aggregate savings, their resultsTheir results do not provide a clear answer on the impact of reforms on saving, asthe effect appears significantly ne gative in some cases (Korea and Mexico), positive insome others (Greece and Turkey) and insignificant in the Indonesia, Malaysia, Zimbabwe, and Ghana. In a study similar to theirs i.e.(Bandiera et al), Loayza and Shanka(2000), used India as their country of observation, and the savings rate from India and found out that financial reform has not changed the savings rate, but moved the composition of savings in India towards a higher appoint of durable goods.Ostry and levey(1995), in their findings maintained that financial development as a result of liberalization reduced savings. Bennett et al(2001), in their work, also found a negative significant effect on savings.CONSEQUENCES OF FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATIONPolicies that make an economy open to the rest of the world and they are needed for sustained economic growth. No country has achieved economic success, in terms of substantial increases in living standards for its people, without being open to rest of the world. Trade opening has been an important element in the economic success of East Asia, where the average import tariff has fallen from 30 percent to 10% over the past 20 years.Opening up economies to global economy has been essential in enabling many developing countries to develop competitive advantages in different sectors of their economy. Countries that have opened their economies in recent years, foe example India in 1991, have experienced double-quick growth rate and more poverty reduction, a proof is that following the economic reforms, the country began to develop a fast paced economic growth. India is the eleventh largest economy in the worldThere are some negative effects experienced by countries or the world in general in terms of their reform policies that has outweighs the benefits of such reforms, this statement can be applied to the effects of financial liberalization despite its benefits in terms of access to more capital inflows. Financial liberalization creates exposure to various kind s of risk and they include a propensity to lead to financial internal and external financial crises, inadequate access to funds for small scale producers etc.Many researchers have carried out empirical studies on financial liberalization on financial fragility of the economy, and their conclusion is that liberalization increases the fragility of the financial system. According to (Demirguc-kunt detragiache), one of the reason why financial liberalization may lead to increased financial sector fragility is that the removal of interest rate ceilings and also the reduction of barriers to entry reduces bark franchise values, thus exacerbating moral hazards problems. The moral hazards problem is a special case of information asymmetry, a situation in which one party in a transaction has more information than another. Normally banks try to protect their franchise, and the risk of losing their franchise, but during a period of policy reform such as financial liberalization, where there i s free entry in to the market or financial sector, so as a result of that there is more competition, this erodes franchise values. If the effort of reform does not incorporate adequate strengthening of the prudential regulations and supervision to realign incentives, lower franchise values are likely to lead to increased fragility (Stiglitz et al (2001)Tornell et al (2003), in their studies, they said that financial liberalization is bad for growth because it leads to crises. Their empirical analysis shows that in countries with harsh credit market imperfections, financial liberalization leads to a more rapid growth but also a more higher incidence of crises. They also argued that liberalization leads to faster growth because it eases financial constraints, but on one condition that this occurs if agents which are the government, investors and creditors take on credit risk which makes the economy fragile and prone to crisis.