Baby Boomers Essay -- essays papers

Baby baby boomers During the Great Depression and World War II many Ameri hobos delayed marrying and having children because of the poor economy. The number of marri durations and births soared after the war. Many ripened couples who had delayed having children began having them when the war ended. This increase in births among both younger and cured American couples created the Baby Boom extension. This large group of people born(p) in the U.S. from 1946 to 1964 amounted to 76 million children. Those born during this meter make up approximately 36% of todays population (Deutsch). What impact has this had on the economy? Read on to see how the baby shell coevals has affected the economy and what will happen as they retire.This generation has had a huge impact on the economy due to its sheer size. At first there was a crunch at hospital maternity wards. When the boomers reached school age, schools became overcrowded, forcing towns to build additions. By the time they we re entering senior steep the cities and towns were expanding. New office buildings, hotels, apartment complexes and stores were springing up everywhere. When they reached college age, American Higher educational activity had to expand. Large enrollments along with inflation pushed college costs higher. When they started families of their own and became homeowners it drove trustworthy estate prices up. As they passed through the breeding cycle, these shortages soon became surpluses. An example existence the collapse of the real estate market in the late1980s (Sullivan). We can expect a large demand for retirement housing, elder give care and finally the funeral industry as the Boomers continue their life cycle. Marketers founder followed the boom generation for decades, producing items that appealed to them as children, teens and young adults. With more money in their pockets than time on their hands, todays baby boomers are dining emerge at an all time high. Now it is people over the age of 40 who squander the resources to purchase big-ticket items. Today the engine that is driveway our economy and our stock market is due to the lopsided demographics present discipline now. The coming of age of discretionary spending is allowing people to buy that SUV, boat, computer, etc that would have been put off in the past (Income). The economy is sensitive to the Boomer generations desire for a luxury lifestyle. As they number toward retiremen... ...grams for children, while a new state agency was created to represent the postulate and concerns of older citizens. (Sullivan).The baby boom generation has had a profound proceeds on the American economy at each stage of their life starting with the demand created for goods, then filling the labor market. Now well have to wait and see if their retirement will cause the doom predicted by some or create the marketplace godsend predicted by others.BibliographyBuchner, Gail. Demographics is non Destiny. Journal of Financial Planning. Instituteof Certified Financial Planners 1999.Deutsche, Alex. topical Study 51. 10 Oct. 2001 www.yardenicom/topical.aspGeneration Gap to Create Jobs Turnaround. Sydney Morning hail 4. 10 Oct. 2001http//www.ncpa.org/pd/economy/econ 10.htmlJackson, Gerard. Will the Baby Boomers Cure Unemployment?TNA parole withCommentary. 9 Apr 2001.Peterson, Peter G. Gray Down How the Coming of Age loop Will TransformAmerica and the World. 1999 189-90.Sullivan, Teresa A. Baby Boom Generation. Discovery Channel School. 2 Oct. 2001. http//www.discoveryschool.com/homework.help/worldbook/atozhistory/b/040930.html

How does Dickens present his views on education in hard times? :: Free Essay Writer

How does heller display his views on education in hard generation?Hard times is curing in the 1840s in the North of England. Its set at atime when Britain is changing dramatically because of the IndustrialRevolution, which is in the main affecting this part of Britain. Thisrevolution moved much of the work from the solid ground into towns andcities, and small cramped villages were built around the factories andmills to house the workers. daimon novel hard times was set duringthis time.Dickens uses many techniques end-to-end the novel to leaven his views oneducation to his readers, the early of which is to create contrastivecharacters, some of which contrast each other in different shipway . Twoof such Characters are Sissy Jupe and Bitzer. They differ in the shipwaythey have been taught and the ways they see the education system.Bitzer is a model school-age child, he has always strictly followed the systemand been taught exactly how the system requires him to be taught. H eis shown as lifeless and colourless, the boy was so light-eyed andlight-haired that the self-same rays appeared to draw proscribed of him whatlittle colour he ever possessed. This gives the effect that he hasbeen beat(p) of life and everything else but facts. When asked, Bitzerdescribes a Horse as a four-footed and graminivorous and givesendless facts about the animal. Although this description is veryfactual and impressive, the use of yearn complex words and the amountof facts show that he has simply been taught these facts, and belikehas never even seen a Horse. Sissy on the other baseball mitt does notunderstand how to factually define a Horse when asked, this is becauseshe has been brought up with Horses all her life and they are toofamiliar and important to her bonnie to be described in facts. This isone way that Dickens tries to show to his audience that this type ofeducation is wrong, the teaching of bare facts limits the imaginationof the student and a more practical way of teaching, like Sissy hashad, would dish the children understand the facts that they are beingtaught, instead of just learning them.Dickens also shows the characters of some of the staff at the schoolto make his views known. Mr Gradgrind is the first to be introduced,from the onset Dickens portrays him as squared , both in hisappearance and character, he reveals little about him apart from thefact he is rigid, and has little individuality. This is emphasized bythe repletion of square and speaker, and by this he is shown to

Medieval Castles :: essays research papers

Medieval CastlesMedieval Castles were huge protection camps made to protect the king. They had every kind of defense known to medieval man. From murder holes, to arrow-loops, a stronghold had it. Medieval castles were usually built on a high nervy cliff set by water. Castle locations were very hard to regain and sometimes months were spent looking for one. A moat was built rough the castle and was usually filled with sewage and bathroom goodies. All these things compete an important part in keeping the castle strong and found to fight. A couple other defenses the castle had were murder holes soldiers would dump legion(predicate) things on the sieging warriors. some other tactic was the arrow-loops a small slender skim in the castle wall that arrows could be shot out from besides not in to. See Diagram. Castles also had huge 20-foot walls to be saved from. Only two-ways in or out from the wall were present. One in the front of the castle where two iron gateways had to be broken. Another gate was located somewhere towards the back of the castle. It was a secret gate that was very hard to find, and only the king knew where the gate had been hidden. The gate was use during an attack to escape from the siege. In the middle of the castle there was a huge building called the keep. This is where the king and queen slept, the kitchen and armory was also located inside. The dinning quarters (the largest room inside) was used very frequent and many employees were charge to it. The castle was the heart and soul of the country. The king and queen and all of their devoted servants were inside, running the

A life in the day of Paul Harris Essay

I wake up 630 a. m. with my light pass on and a very loud voice shouting, Get up Paul Immediately or I abide out stop you from play stupid games on your Playstation. (I find this one of my mothers most(prenominal) annoying habits. ) I eventually haul myself out of my bed and wobble to the bathroom, where I transform my self from Ape to human. Laura my adorable (if somewhat a pain), sister, is already dressed and downstairs feeding our cat Bobby. Dad is city block the stairs putting his shoes on as he advances to move for another day in the bank.Mum is busy juggling the washing machine, the toaster, packed lunch and signing my planner. Just as I consider it is safe to come down stairs, to hurt a tasty eat of Coco Pops, my mum would initiation practicing Opera, for her lesson on Friday lunch condemnation. I usurpt particularly like Opera, I prefer Punk rock, my preferent band is Blink 182 and my favourite song is, All the small things. The sex to nurture is fun and exciting with lots of little alloy ways to buzz off lost in. The ride on the train is an exciting plainly short journey from Hightown station towards Freshfeld station via Formby station.I walk to enlighten from there with my best friend Jamie Hall, who has his hair up spiked and to a fault likes Punk rock. We both share a big interest in computers and we are both going to build a computer individually. initiate is a mixture of excitement and work (education). This year I have taken a great interest in my education because it is the start of my G. C. S. Es. A time of hard work to get qualifications. I particularly have to work at English, but Im lucky because my English t from each oneer is a secure teacher, who teaches the class properly. I enjoy I.T because it is full of interesting facts about computers and when the teachers not looking, I start playing games like Sonic the Hedgehog. maths is a good subject because I can do the work, at the moment. I sit next to Michael Ro berts who can be good fun but gets moody sometimes (we all have faults and tap is that I rush things). At breaks I walk round the civilise mumbling about computers or games with Jamie. Sometimes I play a game called manhunt with a few of my other friends, like Ashlee Rowe. It is a physiological game that involves chasing people and catching them.When it is time to leave school, I check for my friend Allister in year ten, (we live next door to each other). We get the train together Allister is more obsessed about computers than I am, but he adores games and I love all aspects of computers. When I get home, my homework comes first before any thing else, so I do it, have something to eat, before my horrible task of ironing my soldiers cadets uniform. I go to cadets with a friend from school called Danny He can be a bit strange at times because he makes noises with his mouth.Cadets is enjoy full because I love the ground forces and the activities I do (Im not the best at stab beca use Im short sighted). I commemorate The Army will be my career as an officer or I baron join the navy, as an engineering officer. For now I will think I will stay who I am. When dad gets home from a very stressful job, he is usually moody like a bear with a sore head, so I help him misdirect making him a brew of P. G Tips tea. At tea time I have to gulp my tea down so Im ready for cadets. My friend Chris Caralan picks me up for cadets he is 15 and has lately lost his lance corporal stripe for forgetting to go to annual camp.To nighttime will be a brilliant night because I get to go in the best tank in the world, The Challenger 2. When we arrived at the Army camp it was there, the Challenger 2. A giant monster by its self, a khaki coloured snail with a thick point of armour like a shell. It had two eyes both sides of the gun enclosure to give it character. When one of the officers turned on the engine it roared like a grizzly bear. We got a chance to gone in it and a guide tour. After a long exhausting day I lastly get a chance to drop off at the come of nod.

Germany Culture Essay

Have you ever wondered where the Christmas tree came from? Along metre ago, in the early 700s a monk, c exclusivelyed St. Boniface, was preaching to a sort of Germanic Druids. The Druids idolized oak trees. And in order to stop the Druids fear of oak trees, the monk chopped slash a huge one. Crashing down to the earth, the tree crushed every(prenominal)thing in its path, except for a small fir sapling. The monk declared that this was a miracle that this one single sapling wasnt killed and concluded, let this be called the tree of the Christ Child. And this is how to custom of having a tree during the Christmas pacify came to be. It was started by the Germans, and moved to Europe, who brought it to the States. MarplesGerman Americans bring had a very expectant impact on the American society. One of the largest reasons could be that people with German ancestry comprise about 51 million people, which makes up 17% of all of the U.Ss population. Thats roughly one fifth of all Amer icas population where one of their ancestors originated from Germany. AmericanGermans started coming to the British Colonies of the juvenile World, now the northeastern part of America, in the 1680s. Many immigrants from German keep to come to America during the 19th century. Many immigrated to America because of shortage of land, and ghostly or political oppression in Europe. ZaneEven in new times, Germans have helped shape America into what it is today. German Americans have influenced almost every field of American society, including science, architecture, industry, sports, entertainment, theology, government, and the military.Generals Baron von Steuben, John Pershing, Dwight Eisenhower, and Norman Schwarzkopf commanded the United States legions in the American Revolutionary contend, World War I, World War II, and the Persian Gulf War. John D. Rockefeller, William Boeing, Walter Chrysler, George Westinghouse, and Donald Trump have also been an classic part of American indu stry and business. Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Jack Nicklaus, Doris Day, and Leonardo DiCaprio became far-famed athletes or actors. And finally Albert Einstein and Wernher von Braun, two German Americans, capitally conventional America and the whole world. Many famous, well known, and people who have changed America greatly have been German Americans. GermanGerman Americans have also changed the American food greatly also. Germans brought hog dogs and hamburgers to the Americas, which is now known as the American Food, or the food that people think of when they take heed America. They also have the beer brewing dominated for most of America. German immigrants Eberhard, Anheuser, Adolphus Busch, and others have greatly changed Americas beer market. Mittelman Home of the HamburgerOverall, the effect that German Americans have had on America is huge. They have helped shake America in many ship canal including holiday traditions, science, sports, entertainment, and government. America is not made of one people, but of many. And their judgments and traditions all mixed together is what makes this such a great country.

The Collection of Intelligence Information in the Current World

So much k promptlyledge is now ready(prenominal) on the net profit ( blush if some of it is inaccurate) that perception army in the traditionalistic sense is now no longer requisite. Do you comply? What kinds of breeding might or might non be for sale? As a decision-maker would you agree to give up experience obtains? fundament Governments run on knowledge. They need to be constantly awargon of what is occurring just abtaboo them, and how this could affect their interests, in order to take the in effect(p) decisions at the right time.However non all the randomness they need is macrocosmly ready(prenominal), which is why recognition agencies were created with the objective of collecting, analysing and using secret tuition, obtained secretly, to advise decision-makers. The sight figure out takes infinite after certain tasks strike been assigned by the decision-makers, and consists of acquiring the necessary cultivation which will then be treated at a later stage of the discussion cycle.Traditionally, the collecting do of such agencies comes from both human intelligence, meaning info directly transmitted from a authentic person to an intelligence officer, or technical intelligence, which physical exercises technology and machines to obtain this entropy. Today, however, the collection process of all discipline- desireing organizations has been transformed with the mesh. It is the largest, fastest-expanding source of study worldwide, where anybody on any point of the globe stick out post or eat advance to information.The impact of the mesh on word of honor agencies is undoubtable, and it has become a major(ip) component of open-source intelligence (OSINT, the process of acquiring information from public sources to be treated and put in use for intelligence purposes). It provides information which is cheaper, much accessible, more timely and easier to disseminate in a shorter time. This has use up some people to beli eve that So much information is now obtainable on the profit ( still if some of it is inaccurate) that intelligence collection in the traditional sense is now no onger necessary. Has the network revolutionized the information collection process to the point of making the traditional methods obsolete? In this paper, I will defend the view that it has not, thus disagreeing with the statement above1. I will discuss that information obtainable on the meshwork is no replacement to information collect in the traditional sense, both theory-basedly (I) and in practice (II), even though it is a useful creature which squirt also be used to guide decision-makers (III).I) The theoretical property between information functional on the net and traditional intelligence collection In 2005, General Michael Hayden, from the US Open Source Centre, express that just because information is stolen, it does not make it better2. This is true, however, what if the information was stolen because it was not operational anywhere else? One must not confuse the foothold information and intelligence. Information is made up of the accompaniments agencies seek intelligence is the process of acquiring and making use of underground information which responds to the governments interests.Of course, if this information was available on the Internet, no rational organization would prefer to spend more money, more resources and a greater case on high-risk operations, which is what information collection implies in the intelligence domain. The caper is that the information intelligence agencies seek is voluntarily hidden by the entity that controls it, which is why it is confidential, and for obvious reasons not stick on on the Internet. Moreover, the more people that have a piece of information, the harder it is to have control over it, which incites organizations detaining information to keep it to themselves.By rendering, intelligence information is thusly unavailable elsewhe re. Consequently, the information on the Internet has a different change to information plan of attack from intelligence, hence it cannot replace it. Furthermore, the definition of intelligence does not only regard the content of the information, it also concerns how the information is collected. According to David Chuters definition, intelligence doer that the entity from which information is obtained does not want you to have it, and does not realize you have acquired it.On the contrary, the person posting information on the Internet wants you to have access to it and is awargon anybody could acquire it. 3 Therefore, in both aspects of the definition of intelligence, there is a clear distinction between information coming from intelligence and from the Internet, and because of their difference in nature, one cannot replace the other. However, in practice, this theoretical distinction is blurred due to the fact that anybody can post on the Internet, including holders of confide ntial information.They could, for example, want to harm the person or organization they utilisation for by making such information public through the Internet. II) In practice, the Internet is no replacement to traditional information collection The commander of the Marine Corps in 1988, General Alfred Gray Jr. , tell that most of the intelligence which needs to be known could be obtained via open-source information4, which the Internet is a major source of. Undoubtedly, with the huge amount of money of information available on the Internet, this must be true.There argon examples of confidential information been publicly made available through the internet, such as the major Wikileaks information release on confidential subjects- the war in Afghanistan and in Iraq, amongst others. We could then ask ourselves what if confidential information has been canalized through the Internet and we no longer need intelligence to retrieve it? The information intelligence agencies search for must be important and useful, or it would be tangential to the governments that need it. This way of life it must go through numerous filters and a high discrimination process.The Internet, while it may provide useful facts, has such an enormous amount of information that it impedes this selection process from being efficient. legerdemain McLaughlin, a former deputy CIA director, says In the Cold War, we struggled to get data. Today, the problem is that there is too much datamore than we can handle. 5 This can result in an information overload, meaning huge amounts of time and parturiency to be used to scan the information and select which is really important. The difficulties in collecting information from the Internet go provided than the quantitative issue.Because the information available on the Internet is what the person publishing it wants others to see, it can be dangerous because depending on this persons interests the information could be contradictory, misleading or even false, hampering the whole intelligence cycle. To avoid this, and as with any information collection, the source must be considered trustworthy, and this is always a difficult matter. On the Internet it is even more so information is often anonymous, and meta-data (such as the percentage surrounding the piece of information or the motivations of the person providing it) is extremely limited.Just manage Jorge Luis Borges illustrates in his short story The Library of Babel, if one cannot tell what is true from what is false, the information is useless. Consequently, get along sources are needed to prove the truthfulness of information and avoid being mislead. This means returning to traditional intelligence collection methods, in which case the Internet cannot be considered a source of information in itself. It can be seen, however, as inspiration for a further investigation.Moreover, the immensity of information available on the Internet incites certain types of deportment in the information collectors, linked to their subjectiveness, that are also counter-productive for information collection. governmental pressure is a potential source of error because it encourages agents to search in a certain direction, which the Internet, with its near-infinite information, is sure to justify. Firstly, it must be noted that not all information an agency looks for is necessarily available, however, the large amounts of information available on the Internet encourage people to believe such information exists.Secondly, misleading sources can exaggerate and create non-existent threats, which is sometimes what intelligence agencies are face for in order to justify their utility. Thirdly, it is part of human behavior to struggle to admit you are wrong, especially after investing effort in trying to prove the opposite. Once again, of all the information available on the Internet, that which proves you are in the right direction is likely to be picked, and the rest a voided, encouraging wish-fulfilment behaviour and confirmation bias.With these practical issues concerning information collected from the Internet, it can therefore be considered dangerous for it to be considered a source of information in itself. Nevertheless, it should not altogether be denied a part in information collection. The usefulness of the Internet and its place in the decision-making process If not a trustworthy source by itself, the Internet sure as shooting contributes to a better information collection. Firstly, it directly facilitates the collection of open-source information which is then used for intelligence purposes.Such is the case, for example, with radio or television broadcasts which are now available online. In this example, it means monitors no longer have to be near the broadcast source, nor is complex equipment needed (antennas ) to obtain these broadcasts. 6 The Internet has an incredible logistical advantage, providing cheaper sources in real time all around the globe. Open-source information is useful in providing complementary information to the confidential one. It helps determine the context and the circumstances in which the information is transmitted it serves to fill in the gaps.This is prerequisite, seen as a piece of information taken out of context makes no sense or cannot be used efficiently. Intelligence failures often come from an inability to understand the bigger picture or the general context of a given situation. For example, during the Vietnam war, the strategic concept of the contradict was misunderstood the US believed it was mainly a Soviet-Chinese supported conflict and unattended the major influence of Vietnamese communists and nationalists. Moreover, information coming from he Internet is in real-time, so it can help those who collect the information overhear new situations which arise from social or economic change for instance, and to do so quickly. It is therefore important source of collateral inf ormation, which enhances traditional information collection and enables it to be understood and interpreted. From a decision-makers point of view, most confidential information is not available on the Internet (despite some examples which at once are still very limited), which signifies traditional intelligence sources of information can by no means be given up on.The Internet is however an essential tool which must be integrated in the collection process, and in the other stages of the intelligence cycle, in order for the information provided to be pertinent. It can also serve as inspiration for further investigation, as long as its potential dangers are understood, for it is easy for decision-makers, who are under political power, to get carried away by misleading available on the Internet. Conclusion In summary, on one hand, most of the information available on the Internet is not the one which interests intelligence operate because they seek mainly confidential information.On t he other hand, some of the information on the Internet hampers information collection because it can be misleading, contradictory, or even false and can lead to counter-productive behaviour from the intelligence agents. Consequently, the information available is not always the one intelligence services are looking for. In addition, there is a theoretical distinction linked to the fact information coming from intelligence must be unavailable elsewhere, which means information from the Internet cannot replace traditional intelligence.This does not imply the Internet should be avoided by intelligence services, on the contrary, it can provide essential information in complement to that obtained by intelligence services. It simply means the dangers of the Internet should be kept in the mind of decision-makers who must queue up the balance between these two sources of information. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 1 Only the collection stage of the intelligence cycle will be discussed concerning the impact of the Internet, as this is what the statement points to. 2http//www. uspassword. om/news/national/articles/2008/09/12/spy-agencies-turn-to-newspapers-npr-and-wikipedia-for-information. 3According to this definition, open-source intelligence is not a actually a source of intelligence, the concept open-source information in use for intelligence purposes is therefore more appropriate. 4Global Intelligence Challenges in the 1990s, American Intelligence Journal (Winter 19891990) 5 http//www. usnews. com/usnews/news/articles/061103/3dni. analysts. htm 6https//www. cia. gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol48no3/article05. html

Huella Proposal

Founded in 1999 in Kuala Lumpua, Malaysia, Huella Online Travel was an Internet travel adit localizeing Greater China and Asian Pacific. Huella online travel agent is a retail business, that sells travel related products and services to customers, on behalf of suppliers, such as airlines, political machine rentals, cruise lines, hotels, railways, sightseeing tours and package holidays that combine several products. Huella s Hong Kong was prove in 2000. Up to 2004, the revenue growth in Hong Kong had been less than expected. Huella commercialize share in Hong Kong to be only 4% compared 9% in Singapore.This time, Huella wants set up a whole new marketing inquiry to get a depth insight into Hong Kong online travel market. 2- OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The old research is very useful in exploring how people awareness of the Huella brand, that they are not conclusive of the public perception in Huellas target market. In my opinion, we should conduct a research marketing dodging for Huella using a quantitative approach. From this research we should be suitable to grade customers, competencies and competitors. Research Objectives To identify demographic, economic, lifestyle, and traveling desire in Hong Kong market. To delay a match between consumers needs and how Huella online travel agents can be able to match these needs To identify main attributes of online travel agents that appeal to the target market To assess the target markets purchase feeling and purchase habits To determine promotional efforts that appeal to the target market To determine the price sensitivity of the target market for online travel agents To identify paragon channels to market the brand in Hong Kong To identify competition in Hong Kong travel agencies including brick-n-mortar agents and online agents. SAMPLING Another part that is very important, how the sampling is done. Personally, I strongly recommend using online cartoon and face-to-face interviews because Huella is an online business. Yet online survey usually has low responds so I also want we nominate face-to-face surveys that will be more effective because Hong Kong is a subatomic territory and high population. We can collect primary entropy by survey research and behavioral data. Sampling planSampling sizing 300 Sampling unit white collar, young professional, foreigner travelers in Hong Kong. Sampling procedure randomly Method survey and behavioral data Demographics age between 18 age old to 40 years old. Gender male and female Professions general Geography Tsim Sha Tsui, Mongkok, Causeway speak Contact methods online survey, face-to-face. 3- ANALYSIS AND REPORT The result from this research will be put in power point and hard copy format.

Oarland City Jail Closure Illustrates Naive Leadership Essay

The primary job of a city government is to batten globe safety for exclusively its dwellers and visitors. However, the city council has ref utilise to meet or live this critical and prime responsibility. Instead, it hands subsidies to favored developers. And swelling redevelopment empire, likewise, sm sepa roves geological periodic city services.The metropolis of Oakland California slammer was closed on July 1, 2005. sensation division later, the verdict is in closing the jail was a silent move.It appears that there be much(prenominal) un accessible consequences to this city initiative than favorable ones. Hence, the aim of this research proposal is to study the resolution or the mend of the pulley-block of the Oakland urban center jail on communities within the city.Some intelligence activity items gamelighting criminal offence statistics that go about infra ones skin occurred in the urban center of Oakland California were self-possessed to serve as primar y materials for this undertaking. For example, Rape was up nearly 12 percent car thefts and burglaries up nearly 30 percent looting up 18 percent some of it in populatehoods not change to crime, draws ABC 7 invigorateds (6/12/06)Oaklands mop up run is boost five times faster than the arna at large, (ABC 7 News, 6/12/06) and In Oakland, a city of 400,000, the death govern is 25.6 per 100,000 pot, four times higher than the national rate of 6.1, according to the Alameda state of matter Public Health incision report (Mamberto, October 2, 2006) ar indicative of something undesirable be happing in the area.This research paper go out seek the statement or nullification of this supposal statementThe reduction of the Oakland Police Department Fiscal stratum budget for Fiscal socio-economic class 2005-2007 resulting in the closure of the city jail and subsequent elimination of 89 full-time positions has oppose impact on the communitys safety.A correlation of the self -sufficient Variable and Dependent Variable forget be designed and merged accordingly from which conclusions pull up stakes be derived from.Appropriate statistical tools, like, sampling techniques, hypothesis testing, beat of central tendency, descriptive statistics, probability statistics, inferential statistics, among new(prenominal), testament be used. data shall come from these sources  (1) proves of the Oakland Police Department (OPD) (2) relevant literature, like, pertlys items from TV, piano tuner and print media (3) periodicals and (4) interviews.Introduction One year ago, on July 1, 2004, the Oakland urban center council closed the city jail. It was labeled a budget-cutting move, for an estimated saving of no more than $3 million per year. A year later, the council just finished spending a $16 million budget surplus. Oakland disordered a facility permanently on the basis of fluctuating budget numbers.The jail closure has elevate crippled law of nature work . OPD officers tell usThe processing time to chuck a detained or arrested person into the jail has more than doublyd from 20 minutes to 45 minutes. In effect, the already understaffed department has lost another several legal philosophy officers.Criminals are now interpreted to the Countys Glenn E. Dyer Detention Facility, but the sheriffs there are not happy close the increased workload. They use various legal excuses that force Oakland to take the felon all the way out to the Santa Rita jail.When Oakland had a jail, prisoners with minor health issues could be kept there and provided health take. Without a jail, the County pushes the prisoners to Highland Hospital, where Oakland police must(prenominal) concord them for hours or days.In an interview of some local residents, for example, a 20-year resident of 14th Ave. and E. 27th said she never experienced or witnessed any violent crimes until October of 2005she witnessed a man stabbed to death in bearing of her preindica tion another interviewee, a 15-year resident of Grand Street, said his house was burglarized on July 2006 for the front time and a calendar month later his neighbor was robbed at gun point in present of his house. These incidents are no ordinary occurrences in a community whose people expect proceed and get goinging peace and order as well as public safety.The closure of the Oakland City jail and the resultant elimination of 89 OPD personnel, it seems, have something to do with this apparent serious problem besetting Oakland City today that threatens the social and steamy well being of its residents and visitors.Where are the city council members today who do the finale to close the city jail? Are they informed more or less or are they reading what are trumpeted by media outlets? Do they take care to touch local residents? Have they realized the consequences of their decision lately? Do they have corrective plans to address the apparently undesirable results of their gr oup decision?Literature Review The news items and results of private interview of Oakland residents pertaining to the closure of the Oakland City jail will serve as initial sources of research info. pursuit are summaries of literature review for this undertaking (see complete literature in attachment A and Appendix B).KTVU Channel (11/22/06) carries a report of violent crime alternate of 34.2% in 2006.Oakland city still ranks high in crime category, reports shame (n.d.). This same media reports 132 mauls act as of November 2006 by an average age of 28 years old. The rate of killings increased to 21% from 94 in 2005 compared to 88 in 2004 and majority of the crimes being committed occur in the East and West parts of the city. ABC 7 News (July 11) likewise reports worrying crime occurrences in Oakland having a high murder rate thats al nigh double the number of homicides adept now compared to this time last year. And this demography shadow r all(prenominal) a multiply dig it rate by end of the year, if authorities do not jumpstart to act today. There is a stark exit of killings this timevictims are younger and their lives were pluck cold-bloodedly along dwell alleys of the city.Crime statistics have now reached the attention of national level with the involution of FBI authoritiesthis development maybe reassuring to some but the other side of the fence confirms something ugly closely the situation. Another ABC 7 News (6/12/06) circulates a headline about(predicate) Oaklands rising murder rate to be five times faster than the solid ground at large. The reason attributed in the big jump in murder is readily available handguns, gang and drug activity and disrespect for life. Whats keeping? Another disturbing information spread by the media is about rape. This time, it is up nearly 12 percent. Although Oakland police establishment is trying to do something to at least contain the alarming situation including saturating high crime neighborhoods, but the prospect of effective prevention is far from reality.North logic gate News (October 2, 2006), likewise, has another corroborating story for the day. Victims are relatively young individuals in their early adulthood of 20 to 24 and victims were identified to be African Americans. There is something contemptible about the figures reported, like, 45% of the offenders were actually under the care of the criminal justness system either on parole or probation when the murder occurred. And why 80% of violent crimes in the county occur in Oakland or to Oakland residents? Killings in the area keep rising. And what is really alarming to pacific residents of Oakland is the admission that Were in the middle of a public health crisis here . . .These news items have one thing in park emphasis on the increasing crime rate in Oakland City after the closure of the city jail. Relevant books, magazines, and professional journals are considered to be reviewed for this research work, too.Me thodologies Crime-related research selective information will be collected from OPD records for the period January 1, 2003 up to December 31, 2005. These crime-related info will be classified and their occurrences will be tabulated statistically using applicable statistical tools, like, descriptive statistics, measurement of central tendency, among other. Statistics make by other entities will be considered and, thus, are intend to be gathered accordingly. A survey of residents in a West Oakland area is consideredthe information to be gathered will be pertaining to their feelings of security and insecurity as well as safety in their area stimulated by recent rise of wrong-doing which is hypothesized to be the result of the closure of the city jail.A specific methodology on (1) how the research questions are studied, (2) how active data will be used, (3) how new data generated by the researcher will be incorporated to existing data, (4) how the primary research will be brought t o the study, (5) how survey data will be used, and (6) how a sample population will be used, will be developed accordingly prior to the commencement of the research work.A correlation between the independent variable and dependent variable (see below) will be designed and structured accordingly from which conclusion will be derived.The independent variable   the Oakland Police Departments Fiscal Year 2005-2007 budget reduction and subsequent elimination of 89 full-time positions (see circuit board 1) gave rise to the dependent variableThe dependent variable      a veto effect on the communitys safety.The expected or hypothesized contradict impact of the closure of the city jail will be metrical with the responses of respondents in a survey about their perceptions on the matter. On the other hand, the communitys safety will also be measured in the same manner as the former through survey made on the residents in which crime statistics are prevalent.mesa 1. w ide Time Equivalent Position EliminatedTitle/Position go1.Watch subject field incumbent supervisor52.Court correction officer13.Control desk14.Public Repre moveative process15.Property fudge factor military officer36.Admitting27. grade Correction Officer38.Search49.Print elbow room (1)310.Print Room (2)311.Watch Correction Officer312.Assistant Watch213.Booking Correction Officer314.1st Floor315.2nd Floor3616. put to sleep Kitchen staffs1217.Jail Utility Workers4Total Full Time Equivalent Position Eliminated89Results and Findings tabular array 2 shows an one-year data sheet that will be used to capture data from OPD. Table 2.1 is a data sheet that will be used to capture data from OPD which is related to Table 2. Table 3 is a survey question that will capture the individual perceptions of respondents about the effect of the closure of the city jail in their area. Table 4 shows a survey question that will capture the individual perceptions of respondents how they are unnatura l emotionally by the perceived rise of criminality in the area. The data classifications shown below are not limited in themselves, i.e., other data structures are considered upon the approval of the final research proposal.Table 2. Annual data sheet (data to be obtained from OPD)Measures Metrics from which data are derivedData obtained from OPD(Year 2003)Data obtained from OPD(Year 2004)Data obtained from OPD(Year 2005)(Research) honest processing time to put a detained or arrested person into jail (minutes/arrest) minutes45 minutes minutes norm number of criminals taken to the Countys Glenn E. Dyer Detention Facility (/per month) per month per month per monthAverage number of criminals taken to Sta. Rita Jail per month per month per month per monthAverage number of prisoners brought to Highland Hospital per month per month per month per monthAverage number of guards assigned to guard prisoners brought to Highland Hospital per month per month per month per monthTable 2.1 Monthl y data sheet (data to be obtained from OPD)Metrics from which data are derivedYears, 2003, 2004, 2005 Total Ave.JFMAMJJASONDAverage processing time to put a detained or arrested person into jail (minutes/arrest) enumerate of criminals taken to the Countys Glenn E. Dyer Detention Facility (/per month)Number of criminals taken to Sta. Rita Jail per monthNumber of prisoners brought to Highland Hospital per monthNumber of guards assigned to guard prisoners brought to Highland Hospital per monthTable 3. check question on perception of the effect of the closure of the City Jail examine questionYESNONOT SUREDo you bet the closure of the Oakland City jail is the main cause of the rise of criminality in the area?Table 4. Survey question on how the emotional effect of the perceived rise of criminality in the area  Survey Question   Not modify at all Mildly touch but do not feel afraidReasonably affected that I feel afraid being victimized Affected that I feel constantly afraid being victimizedVery affected that it makes me feel nervous virtually of the timeHow much are you affected, emotionally (e.g., afraid that I will become a victim of crime) by the rise of criminality in the area?Conclusions and Recommendations After the completion of the planned activities for the research work and the consolidation of all pertinent information that made up this research, the manner of reporting the research findings and conclusion will be given special consideration considering the contents and scope of the undertaking. After submitting my skipper research work to my professor, I plan to discuss the results with county officials of Oakland California and commit to be able to convince concerned local county officials to support my good word for the reinstatement of the Oakland city jail to its former stature.Appendices The Appendices section will contain graphs and other objects that are integral part of the research. In this Research Pro posal, Appendix A contains a list of literature (news items pertaining to the city of Oakland jail closure) while Appendix B contains the results of my personal interview of some of the residents of Oakland city.APPENDIX A reheel of Literature (News Items) Pertaining to the City of Oakland California Jail Closure KTVU Channel 2 news11/22/06 reported that violent crimes rise 34.2% this yearSummary of Part 1 Crime Offenses, 2003 2005 Year Murder forcefulRape RobberyFelonyAssault BurglaryTotalLarcenyAuto larcenyTotalOffenses1 Year% Change20031092672,4452,7624,56812,5515,51128,213-5.56%2004822622,1902,6164,32410,9846,87727,335-3.11%2005932932,5902,5435,6467,087882127,073-0.96%www.oaklandnet.com  CRIMEwww.wikepedia.orgThough substantial gains have been made as evidenced from the like Crime Reports published by the FBI, the city still ranks high in California for most categories of crime. In the 2006 Morgan Quitno crime rankings, Oakland is ranked the eight h most dangerous city nationwide. Though it fared better than the California cities of Richmond, and San Bernardino, Oakland is the second most dangerous in California after Compton. As of November 2006, Oakland had 132 murders, with the majority of victims and/or murderers from an African American background and the average age being 28 years old. 14The murder rate increased 21% from only 94 murders in 2005, compared to 88 murders in 2004 being the concluding number conquer from 108 killings in 2003. The past few years into the millennium saw the lowest amount of murders, compared to the 1990s when there were known to be an average of clx murders in Oakland each year.15 The majority of the crimes being committed occur in the East and West parts of the city.ABC 7 NEWSOaklands Murder Rate Is SoaringAlmost Double finally Year At Same Time By Vic LeeJuly 11 KGO Oakland is dealings with a soaring murder rate thats almost double the number of homicides right now compared to thi s time last year.Unless police can slow down the murder spike, the city could face a triple digit murder rate by the end of the year. The graveyard show next to this church is sobering testimony.There may be more murders, but the profiles of both suspects and victims and the way they die have changed little.The killers and those killed are leafy vegetablely young African American men and the victims last breaths were taken in general on sidewalks.Off. Roland Holmgren, Oakland police spokesman Most of our homicides happen on the streets and most of our homicides happen due to a gun.Behind the trigger? The usual causes. Drugs and gangs.This year, the face of those gangs is changing.Lt. Ersie Joyner, Oakland police homicide Hispanic gangs are up 20 to 25 percent. The victims are also young male Hispanics.In 1992, homicides reached record levels in Oakland.By July of that year, 106 people had been murdered, up more than 40 percent from the previous year.City officials considered drastic measures like curfews, street barricades and check points.The FBI and the state attorney general sent help to Oakland police.Likewise, federal narcotics agents have now joined forces with Oakland police who are now targeting high crime areas.Off. Roland Holmgren, Oakland police spokesman This strategic area postulate gives command the flexibility to move officers throughout the city to attack acerbic spots.That strategy appears to be paying off with other crimes like rapes and internal violence.Police have a problem in solving these crimes, which is common in other cities as well, and thats the reluctance of witnesses to come forward.The city of Oakland is just 23 shy of last years record for the entire year.ABC 7 News6/12/06Oaklands murder rate is rising five times faster than the country at large.Whats the reason for the big jump in murder? Law enforcement cites readily available handguns, gang and drug activity and disrespect for life.Other crimes in Oakland showed bi g increases too. Rape was up nearly 12 percent car thefts and burglaries up nearly 30 percent robbery up 18 percent some of it in neighborhoods not accustom to crime.Oakland police are trying a number of different strategies to iron out crime including saturating high crime neighborhoods with police as they did this weekend.North admittance News Online Reporting by the UC Berkeley grade School of JournalismMurders Go Up and Oakland Tries to Understand WhyBy Carola Mamberto , October 2, 2006 0956 AMOAKLAND As murders continue to plague the streets of Oakland Most killings took place in the West Oakland and Elmhurst neighborhoods, and lots did not have a known motive, although the police department believes they were primarily gang-related.The highest rate of murders was among 20 to 24 year olds.Victims were generally African American (77%), as were suspects (63%).The average age of suspects was 28 years. The majority of them were not employed anywhere 45% were actually und er the care of the criminal justice system either on parole or probation when the murder occurred. carmine homicide and suicide take the lives of more than 50,000 people in the United States each year, and are the third and fourth leading causes of death for people under 39 years of age.In Oakland, a city of 400,000, the death rate is 25.6 per 100,000 people, four times higher than the national rate of 6.1, according to the Alameda soil Public Health Department report.More than 80% of violent crimes in the county occur in Oakland or to Oakland residents.Murders are up 21% from last year so far there have been 20 more killings in the city compared to September 2005.Were in the middle of a public health crisis here, its very important that we look at the problem in a more comprehensive way and start addressing the root causes of violence rather than its consequences, said Beyers.Its all about thinking of it as a preventable disease, he said.So far, the City of Oakland has adopted a mixed strategy to curb violence, combining inflexible enforcement with more prevention-oriented projects.In 2004, voters passed the Measure Y which sought $19.9 million a year for crime prevention, parolee jobs, youth programs and 63 new police officers, all paid through increased parking fees and a 10-year annual parcel tax.The measure is still far from being implemented, city officials say, mainly because of staff shortages, especially within the Oakland Police Department.This summer, as murder grade spiraled, police unveiled a plan to trace the citys 100 most violent residents. APPENDIX B Results of Personal discourse with Local Residents of Oakland City (A Prime Research Data) Following are the results of my personal interview with some of the local residents of Oakland City, CaliforniaMr. Yoichai who is a formal prison guard expressed anger over the closed of the jail, as a result of the closure he lost his job.Mr. Pace & Mr. Bunger who were Correction Officers that lost their job as a result of the jail closure. These devil gentlemen explains that as the result of the jail closure, not enough officers patrolling the streets because most officers are spending a lot of time on the freeway stuck in traffic ( during heavy traffic hour) trying to transport arresters to the Alameda County Jail.Once they get their they have to await longer than the Oakland City Jail.  Investigators have to go all the way to the County Jail to interview inmates versus where they can just walk to the Oakland City Jail and get it done quicker and more convenience.  Also the appeal of gas, wear & tear of vehicles and overtime pay for those officers who get stuck on freeway and for officers who have to stay late or come in early while other officers are stuck on freeway.Mrs. Lauder who lives in 14th Ave and E. 27th for 20+ years and never experience or witness and violent crimes until October of 2005.  She witnessed a man was stabbed to death in fron t of her house.Mr. Pardoza who lives on Grand Street for 15+ years his house for the first time was  burglarized on July 2006 and a month later his neighbor was robbed at gun point in front of his house BibliographyABC 7 News (6/12/06).Bennis, W. (1989). On Becoming a Leader. Reading, MA Addison-Wesley produce Company.Bowerman, B. L. & OConnell, R. T. (2003). Business Statistics In Practice. (3rd Ed.). Boston McGraw-Hill.Brill, P. L. & Worth, R. (1997). The quatern Levers of Corporate Change. New York American oversight Association (AMACOM).Cohen, A. (1993). The Portable MBA in Management. New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc.CRIME. www.wikepedia.orgJuran, J. M. & Godfray, A. B. (Eds.) (1999). Jurans Quality vade mecum. (5th Ed.) New York McGraw-Hill.KTVU Channel (11/22/06). 2 news reported that violent crimes rise 34.2% this year. www.oaklandnet.com.Lee, V. (July 11, 2006). Oaklands Murder Rate Is Soaring Almost Double Last Year At Same Time. ABC 7 NEWS.Mambe rto , C. (October 2, 2006). Murders Go Up and Oakland Tries to Understand Why. North Gate News Online Reporting by the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism Oakland.Noe, Raymond A., Hollenbeck, John R., Gerhart, Barry, & Wright, Patrick M. (2000). Human Resource Management Gaining a Competitive Advantage (3rd Ed.). Boston, MA Mc-Graw Hill.Scholtes, P. R. (1998). The Leaders Handbook Making things Happen, Getting Things Done. New York McGraw-Hill.Zand, D. E. (1997). The Leadership Triad Knowledge, Trust, and Power. New York Oxford University Press.

Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines

Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines ar drugs you plenty buy without a prescription comp bed to prescription drugs, which may further be sold to consumers with a prescription. near OTC medicines relieve aches, agonys and itches. Some prevent or cure diseases, like tooth decay and athletes foot. Others help allot recurring problems, like migraines. When it comes to palming such prevalent ailments as coughs and colds, fever, heartburn, and aches and pains, people be using to a greater extent types of non-prescription, over-the-counter medicines than ever before.Once consisting of a relatively downhearted number of medications, OTC medicines now account for the majority of all medications used, including many a(prenominal) that were once available only by prescription. There are more(prenominal) than 100,000 OTC products on the market today, and the market is worth 500million-plus a class and is growing every year. Some of the most common examples of OTC drugs are pain reliev ers, antihistamines, cough medicines. Pain relievers are medicines used to dispense pain caused by any number of conditions. They dissolve be used to treat headaches, joint pain, muscle cramps or minor injuries.Some examples of OTC painkillers are Anacin acetaminophen and Excedrin. Generic versions of these brand-name medications mess also be found. Some generic examples al subaltern in aspirin, ibuprofen, and ketoprofen. Antihistamines are medications used to treat or prevent the symptoms of allergies. OTC antihistamines kitty be divided into two types first and second generation. Some examples of first-generation antihistamines are Dimetapp, Benadryl. Second-generation examples include Claritin and Zyrtec. While both(prenominal) types can be used to treat allergies, first-generation antihistamines can also be used to treat colds. Both types can be mixed with other medications, such as painkillers, to treat approximately(prenominal) symptoms at once.OTC cough medicines are split into two separate categories antitussives and expectorants. Antitussives place as cough suppressants. They relieve coughing fits by blocking the instinctive reflex to cough. Expectorants thin the mucus that causes coughing, making it easier to break up and lessening the sequence of the cough. Examples of OTC antitussives include Triaminic Cold and Cough and Robitussin Cough. Examples of OTC expectorants include Mucinex and Robitussin chest Congestion. The benefits of OTC drugs are the costs to the patients and the NHS.People seeking relief from symptoms of common ailments and some diseases can avoid the costof a doctors visit by purchase OTC drugs and can still lease confidence that the medicine meets prerequisite criteria. Also, OTC drugs are generally less expensive than prescription medicines this both benefitting the NHS and the patient. Some problems with OTC drugs have arisen with patients abusing ovOTCr the counter drugs. They are readily available to the general public. According to the National Survey on Drug utilise and Health, the number of people abusing prescription and OTC drugs jumped from 4.7 million to 6.9 million among 2005 and 2007.OTC drugs are deemed safe if used as directed. stock-still, it seems clear that not everyone is succeeding(a) the directions. A big reason OTC drug abuse is everyday is because these drugs are comingible and relatively cheap. Many people already have OTC drugs in their medicine cabinets or cupboards. There is no want to hide the drugs for fear of raising suspicions or getting arrested. Illegal drugs, which can produce the same effect as OTC drugs, are more dangerous to obtain and typically more costly. As well as abuse of OTC drugs theres addiction Alone, codeine phosphate is only available on prescription. But it has been available OTC in low doses and in combination with aspirin, paracetamol, or ibuprofen for many years.The most common addiction is to the OTC drug Solpadeine a combination of paracetamol and codeine. There are 4,000 known people registered that are currently have this problem. In certainty OTC drugs can have there pluses and negatives on the general public. It saves a lot of NHS money by having over the counter drugs by parsimoniousness a lot of doctors time for minor ailments. However there have been a lot of problems with abuse and addictions that have arose from this mocking where some are safe for patients to be getting such access to.

Nigella Lawson and Jamie Oliver Essay

Both Nigella Lawson and Jamie Oliver are hygienic recognised TV chefs, withal both usage spoken spoken communication in very different ways, trance interacting with their auditory sense. For example Nigellas language is more sophisticated and formal whereas Jamies language is more casual and informal. turn on that point are many language differences between each of these chefs, there are also many similarities. Jamie Oliver was brought up in Essex, where people usually are open minded and sociable. When he does his openings he usually uses phrases wish healthy Hey guys & Hello lovely people, this brotherly approach to the hearing studys him more connected to people all around the world who watches his TV programmes standardized Jamies 15 minutes meals. Nigella in the other ease up was born in wandsworth London and was brought up in a self-established and well educated family. She uses sophisticated language and she doesnt usually has a solid greeting like Jamies instead she gets straight to the point like this salad , which suggest that the main focus for her is the food she is cooking.Jamie Oliver uses friendly gestures from beginning to the end. He starts usually with hey guys which automatically brings a friendly timbering towards the audience. This creates Jamie as an friendly and approachable. He uses informal speech eyepatch talking to the audience make them feel connected to him and devising them more focuse on what he is trying to say. While he is doing some action like flashing a potato he doesnt usually say smash the potato but instead he uses bash the hell out(p) of it which in sense is using onomatopoeia which makes it more exciting and simple to understand. Jamie does use this quiet often and also uses slang languages which is more appealing to puerile audiences and it also sounds very relaxed and laid back. Nigella uses spoken communication like lethally and fierce chili pepper which is related to some type of spr ightly and snappy. It shows how quick the chilli aroma hits you and how strong the hotness is in the ingredient. This may make the audience feel that the chilli is very powerful. The word lethally and fierce are common words to describe chilli. Nigella also uses long pauses while saying the word chilli, while she has long pauses its usually for gestures to take place for the pause moments.Language used by Nigella and Jamie both of them use semantic fields of cookery end-to-end their programme. They use this to add come kind of impression to their audience while differentiating to which category their food falls into. Jamie uses jargon throughout his programme and he uses it more frequently as he is well connected to his viewers and others(who) already know him as an casual informal chap from cut the street. In the other hand nigella creates huge focus on her jargons to make sure that what are good and what are bad in the food, however in my opinion she sticks to more difficul t words what only dinky proportion of people could understand again implementing she was well educated and was embossed in higher class family. Other factors of her that we could also state is be flirtatious with the audience which could make her more appealing to men audiences and making her more likeable and getting more likes and views. She uses words like plumcious beauties which brace more impact on male audience then female audience.In conclusion, I believe that Nigella Lawson and Jamie Oliver both use effective language in there spoken responses. This is because they want to encourage their target audience that everyone can cook even if its more difficult or something easy. Nigella uses more sophisticated and formal language, which is mostly based for a more upper classed audience and jamies uses informal language and slang which makes him more bona fide to teenagers who dont want any hassel and just want quick and simple way to make good food. Overall Nigella and Jamie rent their avow ways and uses different language techniques to engage and persuade the audience that they have the most successful food methods and recipes, which has been proven as these chefs have been well known on TV newspapers and magazines.

Jose Rizal Life and Education Essay

Family and beforehand(predicate) life He was the seventh child in a family of 11 children (2 boys and 9 girls). His parents went to school and were well kat oncen. His father, Francisco Rizal Mercado, worked hard as a farmer in Binan, Laguna. Rizal looked up to him. His mother, Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos, was born in Meisic, Sta. Cruz, Manila. She read a lot and knew about art and many an(prenominal) other things. Rizal said she was pleasing and very smart. He learned the alphabet from his mother at the fester of three.At age five, while learning to read and write, he withal showed that he could draw and paint. He surprised his family and relatives with his pencil drawings and sketches and with his moldings of clay. - Education In 1877, at the age of 16, he finished school (Bachelor of Arts) from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. In the same year, he went to another school to study Philosophy and garner at the University of Santo Tomas. At the same cartridge clip, he to ok classes to become a surveyor and assessor at the Ateneo.In 1878, he went to the University of Santo Tomas to become a doctor. He halt in hisstudies when he felt that the Filipino students were not cosmos treated right by the priests who were also their teachers. On May 3, 1882, he went by boat to Spain. In Spain, he continued his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid. On June 21, 1884, at the age of 23, he got his degree and became a doctor. On June 19,1885, at the age of 24, he got another degree in Philosophy and Letters. Having traveled throughout Europe, America and Asia, he spoke 22 languages.These include * Arabic * Catalan * Chinese * English * French * German * Greek * Hebraic * Italian * Japanese * Latin * Malayan * Portuguese * Russian * Sanskrit * Spanish language * Tagalog A very smart man, he was good at many other jobs besides being a doctor * room decorator * artist * businessman * cartoonist * educator * economist * ethnologist * scientific farmer * historiographer * inventor * journalist * linguist * musician * mythologist * nationalist * naturalist * novelist * ophthalmic surgeon * poet * propagandist * psychologist * scientist * sculptor * sociologist * theologian -Political spirit He hoped to make political changes in his country and to make the Filipinos go to school. Rizal wrote many poems and books that show his love for his country. In March 1887, his book, Noli Me Tangere was published. It shows the bad habits of the Spanish priests. El Filibusterismo, his second novel was published on September 18, 1891. It is sadder than his first book. Rizal was not liked by those in power. He showed the bad things done by the priests and the people in the government and this led him and his relatives into trouble.Because of this, he and those who he knew were being watched by the government. They were making up bad things against him. He was put to jailhouse in Fort Santiago from July 6, 1892 to July 15, 1892. They said that pape rs with words he wrote against priests were found in the luggage of his sister Lucia who arrive with him from Hong Kong. He was make to stay in Dapitan and there he did farming, fishing andbusiness. He also operated and worked in a hospital. He taught the English and Spanish languages and the arts. - Later Life and Death.When the Philippine Revolution (the war of Filipinos against the Spaniards) started on August 26, 1896, his enemies went after him fast. They were adequate to(p) to get people to say bad things against him and linked him with the war. He was neer allowed to talk to these people. Because the Spanish authorities thought he was responsible for the activities of the revolutionaries, he was exiled to the city of Dapitan in Zamboanga, in Mindanao (Southern Philippines). From November 3, 1896, to the date of his death, he was again held at Fort Santiago. In prison, he wrote a poem with no title.It is now called Ultimo Adios and became a famous poem in the Philippines. It expresses the shooters great love of country as well as that of all Filipinos. After a trial by the military authorities, he was convicted of rebellion (going against the government), sedition (making trouble) and of forming illegal association (meeting not allowed by the government). He was executed (punished by killing) by guns fired by soldiers on declination 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan Field. He was 35 years old at the time of his death. His death place is now a national park (now cognise as Luneta), and a monument has been constructed in his honor.

Repression in Russia in the period 1900-1929 Essay

Why did the rulers of Russia so often resort to repression in the period 1900-1929?Repression was expendd to a lower place some(prenominal)(prenominal) Nicholas 2 and the bolshys to reckon the Russian population. The liberal methods employed preceding both governments (Alexander 2 and the Provisional governance respectively) failed completely and discouraged some(prenominal) different form of liberal or democratic controls. The strict extremist ideologies of both the tsarist and Bolshevik regimes as well necessitated violent repression to ensure total compliance. This was indispensable due to the major political upheavals taking place the decline of czarism despite Nicholas determination to continue his autocratic rule and the rise of Bolshevism to substitute it meant that both parties lacked to take a very harsh line. This was exacerbated by the fact that neither party came to superpower with the legitimate vote of the overt and so faced strong face-off that they wished to eliminate.Conflict, in the form of polished struggle and the capital War, was an apparent complication in both regimes. This intellectd additional economic disarray and accessible disruption, hindering the plans of the 2 major governments of this era. hence this encouraged the use of repression in an attempt to resurrect the country and step-up their power. Further difficulties during this period were caused by Russias coarse term long problems, particularly the vast land scope and a high plowshare of distinct cultural minorities causing a lack of cohesion and smell of national identity. Bad communications and retardation of industrialisation meant poor social conditions which led to vocal rebellious groups requiring violent put downs i.e. repression. Russia, at this time, appeared robustious without resorting to repression and dictation.Repression was seeded by the lack of an alternative available to Russian rulers at this time. The Bolsheviks were further discouraged from democracy by the loser of the Provincial organization after plainly 6 months in 1917. The refusal of this government to use repression was highlighted by some of the reforms they under as wellk abolition of capital punishment and closure of the Okhrana (secret police) and the Cossacks. Lack of legions support due to the Petrograd Soviet agreement made control harder as the problems left by the Tsar (economic collapse and rebellious minorities) could not be dealt with.The public began to realise that authority could be easily flouted without the threat of punishment. Consequently, Lenin realize that coercion was required to rule Russia and that repression through the Army could be achieved when his motto All power to the Soviet was realised. Alexander 2, grandfather to Nicholas 2, was seen as the reforming Tsar- mainly due to his emancipation of the serfs in 1861. He was assassinated by a party representing these very people at the 7th such(prenominal) attem pt. Nicholas 2 realised (as the failure of the Provincial Government was to do for the Bolsheviks) that power was questi unityd when repression was not implemented.Although Lenin also used repression, the similarity in personalities between Nicholas 2 and Stalin meant that both used similar methods. two were intensely paranoid more than or less the publics perception that they were weak. To disprove this, both resorted to violent inhibitory tactics. Repression under Lenin was more calculated he talked of the coercion needed for the transition from capitalism to collectivism.Both governments were autocratic and wished to impose extreme ideologies and consequently required total support which they believed was only achievable by quashing any resistor. Total control was to be achieved by the Tsars inspired right to create this and by the Bolsheviks through their classless, one party state. This was shown when Lenin forcibly disbanded the constitution in 1918, because the Bol sheviks would not have had the mass vote they needed for the total control they sought. As a exit Lenin became the leader of the only powerful party- the Communists. Later, Stalin change magnitude his control through purges within his own government ensuring his role as the absolute leader reflecting the Tsars goal of omnipotence following the Fundamental Laws.The Tsar required repression of the peasantry (80% of the population) whereas the Bolsheviks faced opposition from the middle and upper classes. Tsarism relied heavily on religion (the Russian Orthodox Church/ROC) to control the people whereas the Bolsheviks saying this as a threat. The ROC taught that the Tsar was God on earth in an attempt to indoctrinate the peasantry to such an extent that they would do as he commanded. Important ministers were often associated with the Church e.g. Pobiedonotstev. After the downfall of Tsarism, Lenin proclaimed the loss theory that religion was the opium of the people and proceeded to turn repression onto the church to rid Russia of this perceived powerful opponent to the communist system. Stalin continued the destruction of religion in Russia through the assassination of any cleric he felt had too much influence.The Tsar and the Bolsheviks both faced threatening opposition. The Tsars opponents ranged from the peasant-based Social Revolutionaries (who would later become the Bolsheviks opponents) to the Bolsheviks themselves supported by the working class. The failure of the 1905 revolution after the intervention of the Okhrana and host showed that the Tsar could not have retained power without repression. The Okhrana were also used to rid Russia of revolutionaries such as Lenin himself.The Bolsheviks shared the problems caused by the ethnic minorities and their wish for independence. However, The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk weakened this opposition for the Bolsheviks after it packd 25% of Russian land mainly that hold the minorities. Both regimes faced a wi de range of opposition, prompting repression to remove the greatest threats such as the dissolution of the SR-dominated constitution in 1918. Lenin reduce the power of the elite by taking their property and institutions from them. Stalin continued and panoptic the use of repression eliminating any minor threat, including members of the Communist Party in his Great PurgesConflict encouraged the rulers during this period to resort to repression. The Tsar faced the Russo-Japanese contend and the Great War during his reign. The Bolsheviks had to contend with a Civil War. In both cases, repression was used to evoke loyalty and force unification. The Cossacks and Ohkrana were fundamental to the suppression of objectors to the Tsar, as were the Bolshevik equivalents, the Cheka.The Cheka aided Bolshevik victory in the Civil War and were then used by Lenin to forcibly take grain for the soldiers under the Grain Requisition Act despite the distress caused to the peasants. The Tsar also u sed repression to keep Russia fighting in the Great War including the silencing of anti-war parties and also opposition to the mandatory food rationing by a esurient people. Despite these efforts, war finally brought the downfall of Tsarism after mass abandonment from the army effectively took away the last prop of the old regime. The Bolsheviks however, emerged successfully from the Civil War allowing them to consolidate their new-found power with the use of additional repression. retard Industrialisation was a long-term problem that is still felt by Russia today. The Tsar attempted to improve Russias industrial affluence whilst maintaining control by repressing the working classes to prevent them revolting. To do this, he taboo trade unions and imprisoned the leaders. The Communists also attempted to improve Russias industrial situation- through the conversion from capitalism to communism. The Tsar sought support from former(a) European countries whereas the Communists violent ly rejected this policy.This meant that the Communists required a greater take of forced savvy (i.e. repression) in order to cope without this aid. Stalin hoped to develop Russia into a superpower in his 5-year plans. This involved the use of the forced free labour of non-conformists who were imprisoned in labour lives. The Kulaks (wealthy peasants) were among those sent to such a camp. collectivization was a re-introduction of the Grain Requisition and an attempt to revolutionise agriculture on Communist lines and resulted in starvation of the rural population. This repression of the peasantry was also evident in the Tsarist regime to prevent unrest.The long-term problems experienced by Russia at this time encouraged the use of repression as a means of control. The huge population spread over a vast land area meant that in addition to the communication problems caused by sheer size and the teemingness of minority groups, it was impossible for any government to meet the demands made by all of the people. The Tsar attempted to deal with this through the go forment of Russfication and sending the army to eliminate any protesters e.g. in Uzbekistan. The Bolsheviks also faced the minority opposition with violent repression gazillions of Ukrainians were sent to forced labour camps by Stalin. Prejudice against ethnic groups was rife anti-Semitism caused repression of Jews under both Tsarist and Bolshevic regimes.Although it can be said that the governments of Nicholas 2, Stalin and to a lesser extent Lenin were repressive by nature, the need for control via repression was inherent within the set up of Russia. Until the fall of communism in Russia in the late 20th century, it was clearly evident that the more lenient governments, such as that of Alexander 2 and Provisional Government were less successful than the more repressive ones although they were hardly given guess to do well, so quick were some to take their place at the first sign of weakness. This ac ted as an encouragement for the major governments between 1900-1929 to use the secret police, army and threat of imprisonment to deter opposition, repress the peasantry and enforce the ideologies of the government.Repression was imperative for both governments the Tsarist to cling to power and the Communists to snatch it from them. Both had many unpopular economic, political and social reforms to pass. War highlighted the problems of the country and the front line of strong opposition against both governments. In the view of both it increased the need for repression to realign the economic and social structure. Under both regimes the cause and the effect of repression was the same it resulted in the death or displacement of many. Unfortunately, it was just a prelude to the terror that was to be experienced during the High-Stalinism of the 1930s. During this decade, 7 million died, mostly after being sent to a labour camp for failing to conform to the Communist ideal of collectivisa tion.

Christmas Carol Text Repsonse Essay

In A Christmas hum, Dickens delivers strong criticisms of the society in which he lives. DiscussA Christmas Carol written by maven of the most influential social reform novelists of the nineteenth century, Charles Dickens, delivers very grating criticisms of Victorian capital of the United Kingdom. Dickens presents these criticisms through the behaviour of the novellas protagonist, Ebenezer skinflint. His piece displays everything that Dickens perceives as being wrong in Victorian society. His manipulation of the poor and destitute, the preaching of his employee Bob Crachit and the weak births he keeps with family are each(prenominal) indirect criticisms by the renowned author, Dickens.The poor in Victorian London were left in very poor living conditions, and were essentially cut by the upper class. There was a huge segregation betwixt the lower class and upper class. Dickens implies that those with excessive wealth and ply had a responsibility to take care of those less fortunate than themselves. This opinion is explored between the relationship of skinflint and his clerk, Bob Crachit. Scrooge is completely carnal of his responsibilities and duties to Crachit. When asked what donations Scrooge would like to give to the poor, he simply states Nothing. This shows that Scrooge (and the upper class society) simply have no compassion or consideration for the poor living below them.The children ignorance and want are an auxiliary by dickens to send a simple message, to help bulge out those in want, and beware of ignorance in oneself and others. The main protagonist of the story, Ebenezer Scrooge embodies the finish off qualities of Victorian society. Obsessed with accumulating wealth and with no concern for his beleaguered employee, Scrooge is an allegoric representation of the forces of capitalism driving the industrial economy at the time.The treatment of loved ones and relationships are key in A Christmas Carol. The main relationship emphasized by Dickens is the relationship between Scrooge and his nephew, Fred. Scrooge does not even slightly value his relationship with Fred. He refuses whatsoever affection or invitations given by Fred, shows no interest in Freds life and does not show any remorse towards these actions. This is in any case a criticism by Dickens. He is implying that the excessive and overbearing indispensableness for wealth and power ruin the relationships shared between people. In Scrooge, this is not only shown through his lack of a relationship with Fred, but alike with his relationship with Belle, and ultimately its downfall.The festive and face value of A Christmas Carol provides an entertaining and light-hearted story for readers. However, beneath this heart-warming transformation of a character in that respect are strong criticisms of Victorian society delivered by Dickens. He criticizes the sort that the poor are left to fend for themselves in terrible conditions, the personal manner th e poor are treated by the upper class inject of society, and through the use of weak value placed relationships with family and friends during the time. Dickens novella was intended to point out the flaws in the society in which he lived and make its readers aware and cautious of these near fatal traits.

Arg Container Terminal

CARIBBEAN oceanic INSTITUTE Marine net Operations ARJ Container Terminal Prep ard by Revalino Bennett, Andrew Gibson, Jenoir Dick, Oshane Polson, Tandra Morris, Jodian Braham For Mr. Reyon McIntyre Due age zero(prenominal)ember 15th, 2012 T fitted of Contents component Page section A- GeneralIntroduction IV A-2 ARG Air layout 1-2 A-3 Abbreviations A-4 works Hrs A-5 foundation Passes A-6 General Customs formality discussion section B- Land location Operations B-1 entry Operations B-2 Terminal Access B-3 going away brass B-4 Checking activeness at Gate B-5 Inter Terminal becharm B-6 Customs solicitude theatrical role C- vas Operation C-1 Marine Requirements C-101 Working Hrs C-102 vas Arrival NoticeC-103 Documents needed C-104 Establishing intercourse C-105 Pilotage C- 2 office and Labour excogitationning C-201 Pro-forma watercraft Schedules C-202 Advance Schedules C-203 sign vas offer cultivation C-204 Detailed vas C entirely cultivation C-205 Comm unication on the port wine of Salalah Game Plan C-206 C eithers Outside Pro-forma C-207 watercraft Connections C-208 Technical selective information on the watercraft C-209 Notice of Readiness Section D- Load and tout ensemble everywheref gloomy Operation D-1 General D-101 Gantry Crane Capacity D-102 Lashing D-103 litter Cover Moves and Restows D-104 Use of Special Equipment D-105 Bay supplying and constancy CalculationsD-106 interpretation of Loading/Discharging of Containers D-107 hatching D-108 Storage D-109 information Amendment D-2 f both asleep Operation D-201 vas Profile Information D-202 Discharge List Information D-203 Checking Activity During Discharge (Tally) D-204 Reporting D-205 Short-landed Container D-206 Over-Landed Container D-3 Load Operation D-301 Pre-Plan D-302 Load List Information D-303 Re-Nomination of dispatch D-304 Pro-Forma lading Dead breeze D-305 Checking Activity during Load (Tally) D-306 Reporting D-307 Short- moveped Container D-308 Over-Shipped Container D-4 Yard size up D-5 Vessel Bunkering, Repair, and Supply of ProvisionSection E- Break Bulk and Over Dimensional incumbrance E-1 Requirements E-2 Restrictions F- take away Deliveries G- Dangerous committal H- Leakage/Spillage of Cargo I- Container Freight grade Activities J- Weighbridge K- Miscellaneous Ser debilitys L- hurt and Claims L-01 slander to Lines Equipment (Without Prejudice) L-02 Damage to Lines Vessel (Without Prejudice) L-03 Damage Ca utilise by Third Parties L-04 Damage to fashion Facilities/Equipment/Personnel M Longstanding Cargo N- Reefer Containers Section O- expression Safety and hostage O01 Rules & Regulations O02 world(prenominal) Ship and port wine tribute (ISPS) O02. ISPS Measures by fashion of Salalah O02. 2 ISPS Requirements for the Line O03 X-Ray surveillance of Containers Introduction The competition among container ports continues to increase because of di? erentiating factors such as work, repair and fulfila nce. These factors draw and quarter up some of the major key selection criterias international transferral companies consider when selecting a transshipment port. With that in mind we the owners and managers at ARJ Container Terminal forget be trying to attract carriers with our automating handling equipment, the speeding up unthe likes of services, and providing the most current data on the ? w of containers. At the alike(p) cartridge clip, however, we exit reduce cost by utilizing our resources e? ciently, including human resources, berths, container, causes, quay hold outs, and dissimilar chiliad equipment. Our key and optimum advantage entrust be our location. This location in Little Bay, Little London Westmorland Jamaica West Indies lead cause the sufficient harbor water depth and dock space that go forth make it possible to facilitate docking of up to a Super-Panamax vessel.Dredging get out not be ask to accommodate these large draft vessels, indeed no distu rbance or depletion of whatever marine wildlife sanctuaries on the take floor or natural habitat exit be ca utilise. We and our management team argon greatly transportd by this because exterior of us urgencying to take a leak an optimal towering efficiency container destination, we similarly want to know that it is done with little or no impact on the sur bikeing environment and wildlife. ARJ Container Terminal location entrust be 25 minutes from the capital city of Savanna La Mar and 5 minutes from the A2 South Coast Highway.This lead aid greatly in our multimodal transportation grooming for both our clients and ourselves and as well as compliment positively on the domestic distribution side of our spicy society. We ar a limited liability fellowship that specialises in container and general clog handling for transshipment and domestic purposes. The company is owned by Shiek Revalino Bennet, Shiek Andre Gibson and Shiek Jenoir Dick and is manage by our seniors d irectors Oshane Polson, Tandra Morris and Jodian Braham The objective of ARJ is to fork out integrated freight rate service solutions for load ships companies world good.Due to our high-pitchedly competent managers, the company leave alone be able to substantially increase its cargo employee turnover and ensure regular cargo flow, and to compliment our effectiveness we allow be the whole terminal on the island of Jamaica with Sea-Rail transshipment operations. This depart enhance our domestic power and in turn bringing first sept service to the developing nation of Jamaica. Our developed terminal infrastructure, cargo handling technologies and modern equipment pull up stakes definitely ensure ARJs competitiveness and peak position in the transit market.We go forth offer value-added services including customs operations, freight universeity and logistics solutions so this lot basi chew the faty be a one tick shop for our customers/clients. ARJ will employ 111 qual ified specia keys in different handle to ensure the companys operational efficiency and productiveness direct is on par with the major terminals around the world and even outflank if possible. We atomic number 18 predicting from global feedback that our total container flow for 2013 will be slightly 750,000 TEU. ARJ Air Layout Infrastructure location Length 290 m Draught 15 m W arhouse bea 16,310 m2Open-air retention eye socket 120,800 m2 Technical equipment Quay hold outs at the vessel STS crane stuffy quay crane Mobile harbor crane For container transfer (horizontal transport) SC (max. stacking capability 1-over-3-high) Reachstacker Terminal tractor with t vituperateer (so-called Tractor-T racetracker Unit (TTU)) Multi-trailer (terminal tractors with several(prenominal) trailers) Empty/ blameed container handler Shuttle Carrier (ShC stacking capability 1-over-1-high) machine-controlled Guided Vehicles (AGV) Automated SC (max. stacking capability 1-over-2 -high) For container transport and stacking in spite of appearance the metre SC Rubber-Tyred Gantry crane (RTG crane) Rail-Mounted Gantry crane (RMG crane) Container handler (like relieve oneselfstacker or top lifter) OverHead Bridge crane (OHB crane) For the landside operation SC RTG crane RMG crane Reachstacker TTU At the inland navigation vessel STS crane Conventional quay crane Mobile harbor crane The STS crane drops cut containers on TTU that will transport the containers to the stacking bea where the boxes ar stacked by reach stackers (see descriptor 1. 1) or forklift trucks fitted with appropriate spreader frames for container top or side lifting.Due to their versatility in operation, reach stackers be the best choice for our multi-purpose terminal as they be easy to handle, can be used for stacking in the g-force, lade and un fill up of TTUs, road trucks and rail cars on first rail. Including our landside operation, an estimate of 34 reachstackers a nd 45 TTUs are needed per STS crane. The specific ac search of TTUs in bumpicular will wager on the hold amongst the berth and the stacking area of the respective operation. The TTUs are used for the transport of the containers in the midst of the vessel and the container yard.Figure 1. 1- Reachstackers and TTU operation A storage energy of approx. 350 TEU per hectare for 3-high stacking and 500 TEU per hectare for 4-high stacking are common figures for our graphic symbol of yard equipment. The maximum stacking height is 5, container overeats can be kept 4-deep due to second row access. In vitrine of re delimittlement of capacities reachstackers are easily transported to an new(prenominal) terminal or used for former(a) cargo handling and because of their easy transportation surrounded by terminals reachstackers can be used to cover temporary indispensabilitys. place Carrier governing bodyThe STS crane will place containers onto the apron from where the SCs transport them to the stacking yard (see Figure 1. 2 and Figure 1. 3) and stack the containers. The SCs are independent from any some different equipment and are able to perform all the different handling operations transport, stacking and the freight rate/ set down of trucks and rail cars (see Figure 1. 3). SC constitutions are the optimal carcass for large size terminals when high flexibility in the yard and accessibility of the boxes are required and thay make it easy to alter the layout of the terminal.A storage capacitance of approx. 500 TEU per hectare stacking 2-high (3-high SC) and 750 TEU per hectare stacking 3-high (4-high SC) can be achieved. The maximum stacking height is 4-high. Including landside operation, an estimate of 45 SCs are required per STS crane without considering specific powers. The system will be supported by container handlers stacking MT boxes and/or RMGs for container handling in the rail yard. Figure 1. 2 Pure SC system Figure 1. 3 SC operations Conta iner transport and stacking and Loading / un shipment of rail cars System advantages SCs are able to cover all kinds of horizontal and vertical transports being necessary to perform container moves from the landside terminal interfaces (including truck handling and rail operation) via the container yard to handover positions below the STS cranes at quayside (and vice versa). the containers can be dropped on the ground so that no (or sole(prenominal) short) time lag times for handling equipment occur. This kind of container handover enables STS cranes to operate with a high productivity spot using a comparatively low number of SCs per crane. high number of concurrent container movements the breakdown of one SC has a comparatively low impact on the total handling process compared to the systems with TTUs the push party costs are lower due to the smaller number of vehicles no disturbance of the operation by trucks because these are loaded/unloaded outside the stacking yard th e system is flexible to changes based on operational requirements and terminal layouts can be simply altered as SCs can be easily moved within the terminal since no pre-set routes or tracks are needed Rubber-Tyred Gantry Crane System with Tractor-Trailer UnitsThe STS gantry crane places the container on a TTU unit that transports the container to the storage area where the RTG crane stacks the containers in long blocks (see Figure 1. 4). The RTG can be used for TTUs and road trucks as well. The size and structure of the RTG crane is determined according to the requirements of the terminal operator. The system has a very high stacking assiduousness because of the high stacking capability and the block stacking. Long traveling distances on the terminal are less problematical as TTUs transport the containers.RTG cranes will also be effectively used for the handling of containers on road trucks or rail cars. According to manufacturers, up to four tracks can be covered and containers c an be stored at the side of the rail tracks. They can be allocated from the yard to the landside operation and vice versa, if necessary. Including landside operation 23 RTGs and 45 TTUss (depending on the distance amidst berth and stacking area) are required per STS crane. They stack the container in blocks 1-over-4- to -7-high and 5 to 8 container rows plus 1 lane for container handover laneFigure 1. 4 RTG cranes and TTUs in the stacking yard, rail yard operation by RMGs System advantages low space requirement in the stacking area because of the high storage capacity in a small area (high stacking density). The containers can be stacked up to 8- high (i. e. 1-over-7-high)1 without spacing for traveling lanes between the rows. relatively high flexibility as the RTGs can be transported to early(a) storage blocks Rail-Mounted Gantry Crane System These cranes are mounted on fixed rail tracks with a jut out outside the portal of cranes (see Figure 1. ). Figure 1. 5 RMG cranes with TTUs System advantages RMGs in the main stack higher and span wider, with up to 1-over-7-high and 12 containers wide Stacking density of the yard is higher with RMG cranes and can exceed 1,000 TEU per hectare (stacking 4-high) Automated Guided Vehicles The horizontal transport of the containers will be performed with AGVs. (See Figure 1. 6). The handover positions for trucks are located at the top-end of the stacking blocks. The stacking of the containers is usually carried out by automated RMGs.The ShC is designed primarily to work containers between the shipss side and container stacks served by RMG cranes. As it is able to stack containers two high it will also be used for load and unloading road trucks and rail cars. The shuttle carrier is an substitute(a) aim at more efficiency to handle the container transport between the stacks and the quay cranes, and s bank maintain high density stacking by RTG or RMG yard cranes. Figure 1. 6 RMG cranes with AGVs System advantages ver y low labor costs because of automation high system accessibility very high productivity of horizontal transport The layout and choice of our equipment and their interface will depend on, amongst others, the number of containers to be handled, accessible area type of back country transport. The combining of our terminal equipment to be used will depend on if they are at the vessel, for transport tasks between quay and stacking yard ( or reverse) for container stacking, for transport from stacking yard to and from the landside operation area for landside operation itselfOperational areas 1. The area between quay wall and container yard 2. container yard 3. terminal area of landside operations example the gate, parking, office buildings, customs facilities etc The container yard will be an intermediate storage forwardness significance the containers will remain from a couple of hours to some weeks. There are different possibilities for the layout of our intermediate stor age area. We may have stacking area which is compact, low ground area consuming stack without spacing known as block stack (see Figure 2. 1).In cases like these, yard gantry cranes will be used for the stacking of containers being delivered by terminal equipment of horizontal transport. An choice is the bi business concernar stack (see Figure 2. 2) where the containers are stacked by Straddle Carriers (SC). This type of stacking will have spacing between the container rows and relatively wide terminal roads. Export and import containers will be segregated within the yard area and piled up to 4 containers high and pre-sorted for the various hinterland transport modes. Figure 2. 1 block stacking Figure 2. 2 originar stackingOperational procedures applicable for the handling of containers and container vessels calling at the ARJ Container Terminal Section A General A-1 Abbreviations COD Change of Destination EDI Electronic entropy trans aimt EIR Equipment Interchange Report ETC Ex pected Time of Completion OOG Out of count on fuel pod mien of Discharge SSDR Stevedore Ship Damage Report TOS Terminal Operating System A-2 Working Hrs The terminal operates round the clock on the hobby memorandum Terminal Operations 24 hrs overleap say public holiold ageOffice Administration 0700 hrs to 1530 hrs Monday to Friday except declared public holidays Gate Operations 0800 hrs to 1600 hrs Friday except declared public holidays Overtime rates as per Tariff will apply for all activities carried out on declared public holidays. Containers can be pass judgment at or released from the gate outside the working hrs shown above at no excess charge (except on public holidays), but former notice should be habituated to the manner to ensure the Gate is staffed appropriately. A-3 Entry Passes enduring entry passes are bangd at the discretion of the Sr.Manager. Application forms are available at the main reception of the Container Terminal Administration Building. Permane nt entry passes are valid for one year. Monthly & routine entry passes are issued takings to proof of legitimate business in the terminal. Vehicle entry permits are selectively issued on providing vehicle enrolment and accommodation papers. A-4 General Customs Formalities The expatriation telephone wire bears just responsibility for all Customs headway formalities concerning their cargo. Section B Landside Operations B-1 Terminal AccessARJ Container Terminal controls access of truckers to the terminal. A trucker is only allowed on the terminal subsequently full identification of the trucker and registration of the terminal visit. Containers are only allowed onto the terminal on instruction of the tape transport line that has to provide an acceptance notification to ARJ Gate subdivision in the lead the container arrives at the gate. Information required will be as follows Container ID and fight No. Equipment Size/Type Outbound Vessel / Voyage and POD IMO / Reefer / OOG When delivering the container the trucker has to provide Container No. nd Booking No. to gate staff. All full containers will be gated in put down to clearance of Customs formalities by the tape drive line. B-2 Exit Validation ARJ performs exit validation. Containers are only allowed to leave the terminal upon release book of instructions sure from the merchant vessels line, provided the customs department does not restrict the container from divergence the terminal. The transit line must provide ARJ Gate discussion section with a hard copy of the release instruction. Information required will be as follows Container ID Receiving Party Identification or Reference Number Date Restrictions if any Full containers will be allowed to depart the terminal only subject to conclusion of all customs formalities by the transportation system line and full payment of port charges. B-3 Checking Activity at Gate For any containers entering or leaving the gate, the larboard will perform a visual keep back and any deviations from provided data or anomalies are documented and account to the shipping line. The let out entangles the following Container ID Equipment size/type optic damage (external) Visual damage (internal empty containers only) Presence of blockadeIf any damage to a container is noticed at the gate, then a pen to this will be do on the gate ticket issued. every just run offing required e. g. Seal number, or further action like placing of postage stamp or placard is indictable as per Tariff. B-5 Customs Inspection In case ROP orders customs inspection of a container, shipping line should advise the port who will move the container to the customs inspection area and unstuff the cargo as per ROP requirement and subsequently restuff the cargo in the container, such operation to be charged as per Tariff.Section C Vessel Operation Information on vessels calling ARJ to realise or load containers is to be provided to ARJ planning d epartment by the shipping line or its designated representatives. The Line shall nominate a focal point that can be reached 24 hrs a day by ARJ intend and Operations segments in case any issues concerning Vessel proviso / Operation need to be verified. C-1 Vessel Arrival Notice The owner, ships agents or the overwhelm of the ship shall send the comer notice to the Harbour Master 48 hrs beforehand arrival to the Port.He should also inform the Harbour Master with the flesh out of the Ship, its cargo, any hazardous cargo, cases of illness and any defects which affects the vessel manoeuvrability. C-1. 1 Documents Required Insurance cover for third party liabilities, wreck removal and anoint pollution Ships registration certificate Port clearance certificate from last port of call ISPS present Class Certificate C-1. 2 Establishing Communication The master of the ship shall establish communication with The Port self-assurance and pick up permission to enter the port limits , at to the lowest degree(prenominal) four hrs former to the estimated time of arrival.The Port Authority will typeset the services of Pilotage, Tugs and Mooring Gang(s), and coordinate with ARJ Terminal Operations to have the gantry cranes and labour gangs ready. Normally cargo operations start upon lowering of the aisle from the vessel. C-1. 3 Pilotage Pilotage services are available round the clock. Activation time for marine services is 30 minutes. C- 2 Berth and Labour mean Pro-forma vessel schedules and move counts declared by the l shipping lines form the basis for berth and stevedore / labour planning in the Quay Wall Schedule.Daily berth planning will also include Initial vessel call study Detailed vessel call information for initial and pro-forma calls Availability of quay-wall space Vessel connections Based on this information ARJ Planning department will prepare the day plan C-2. 1 Pro-forma Vessel Schedules Vessel string pro-forma berth windows are negotiated between the shipping line and ARJ. Berth windows are related to an estimated number of container lifts and the required day and time of the week for the vessel operation.Unless other agreed, vessels will be be after for arrival and departure at pro-forma berth window. Vessels arriving within pro-forma eternally have priority over vessels out of pro-forma or incidental vessel calls. If it concerns vessels of the same shipping line only, this shipping line may set its own priorities, provided that it does not impact the berth windows of other Shipping lines. C-2. 2 Advance Schedules The shipping line will provide to ARJ Planning Department future projected schedules every week, from current date to 30 days in advance.Information required will be as follows Vessel reach incoming / Outbound Voyage ETA / ETD Service C-2. 3 Initial Vessel Call Information The shipping line is trusty for providing initial vessel call information at least 7 work-days prior to the estimated vessel arrival date to ARJ Planning Department. Information required will be as follows Vessel Name Call Sign Inbound / Outbound Voyage ETA / ETD LOA Previous Port of Call neighboring Port of Call Estimated Move Count Vessel Service Vessel Operator C-2. 4 Detailed Vessel Call InformationDetailed information is to be provided to ARJ Planning Department for line haul vessels at least 48 hrs and for all other vessels at least 24 hrs prior arrival at the terminal. Information required will be as follows Vessel Name ETA Required ETD Expected Move Count, split as Total number of discharge / load moves OOG discharge / load moves sustain reefer discharge / load moves Empty container discharge / load moves IMO class 1 & 7 discharge / load moves Detailed information of any Break Bulk Cargo Upon receipt of this information, ARJ will encounter the final berth and labour planning.In case of required changes in the put across ETA / ETD, ARG Planning Department will contact th e shipping line to create the best workable solution. The Port has a minimum billing per vessel call for loading/discharging of containers as per Tariff. Vessels are expected to use the Ports coast gantry cranes. any(prenominal) movement or use of the vessels gear while alongside is strictly subject to prior approval from the Port. C-2. 5 Communication on the ARJ Day Plan The Line will submit day-by-day ETA update for their vessels latest at 1000 hrs every day. ARJ will in turn revert with a Day Plan latest at 1500 hrs.In order to provide flexibility to our customers, the Day Plan is invariably considered subject to change. any agreements that are verbal in nature or those made after office hrs need to be confirm in writing in a flash on opening of the next working day. C-2. 7 Vessel Connections Connections other than those agreed to in the pro-forma schedule, have to form part of the Day Plan negotiations and these have to be announced to ARJ Planning Department preferably 48 hrs, but at least 24 hrs before ETA to ensure proper priority setting for the quay-wall. C-2. 8 Technical Information on the VesselFor vessels calling ARJ Container Terminal for the first time or in case of changes to the previously supplied vessel information the shipping line require to supply ARJ Planning Department with technical information on the vessel at least 72 hrs before arrival. Technical information on the vessel consists of Vessel Name Call Sign LOA Container Layout Lashing Plan Type of Twist Locks Type of insure Covers Mooring Restrictions (port / starboard side) Vessel Capacity in TEU Vessel Profile / NSD file (if available) Other peculiarities germane(predicate) to the Vessel storage roomFurther details subject to planning or operational require have to be provided upon request. C-2. 9 Notice of Readiness The Port Authority will issue the vessel with a Notice of Readiness at least 2 hrs prior to the estimated completion of cargo operations, and provi ded vessel confirms readiness to canvas upon cargo completion The Port Authority will arrange to criminal record Pilot, Tugs and unmooring gang(s). Section D Load and Discharge Operation D-1 General D-1. 1 Gantry Crane Capacity Port provides shore-side gantry cranes with minimum capacity of 40 tons under the spreader and there are cranes with up to 65 tons capacity.D-1. 2 Lashing The Port Tariff for loading and discharging of containers includes the cost of flogging and un lash of containers on board the vessel. Lashing equipment is to be provided by the shipping line. The Port will maintain safe housekeeping of flogging material at all times and handle all thrashing gear in a controlled manner and in accordance with accepted safety standards. The Port will also handle discharging and loading of lashing material if required at no additional charge. D-1. 3 Hatch Cover Moves and Restows Hatch Cover moves and restows are chargeable as per tariff. D-1. 4 Use of Special EquipmentUs e of special equipment for loading/unloading eg slings, frames etc is chargeable as per tariff on per lift basis. D-1. 5 Bay Planning and Stability Calculations The Port will carry out Bay Planning and unloading / sequence of containers in accordance with the information provided by the shipping line as part of its normal service. Container stow plans prepared by the Port are subject to the final confirmation by the Master of the vessel. The Port is responsible for providing information to the shipping line required for stability and lashing calculations, but the Port is not responsible for making these calculations.D-1. 6 description of Loading/Discharging of Containers Loading / discharging of containers is the handling by the Port of the containers between the stowage position onboard the vessel and the position in the container yard of the Port. No additional breaks made based on any change in the information or additional information provided by the shipping line are include d, and such additional shiftings made are chargeable as per tariff. logical implication / export containers pay truck loading / unloading charge as per tariff. D-1. 7 ReportingThe Port makes reports as per shipping lines required format and frequence to the operator of the vessel for all containers loaded/discharged and in case of vessels loading containers be to more than one shipping line, to each shipping line for their containers. D-1. 8 Storage Containers are stored in the Container Yard of the Port subject to the applicable Freetime and Container Storage rates as per Tariff. D-1. 9 Data Amendment Data Amendment charges as per Tariff apply in case the discharge and / or load adverts are not provided in time to the Port, or in case there is any change to the information provided.Any Data Amendment that involves containers being shifted from one stack to another will incur shifting charges in addition as per Tariff. D-2 Discharge Operation D-2. 1 Vessel Profile Information Th e shipping line is responsible for communicating the discharge, re-stow and remain-on-board instructions at least 24 hrs prior to the arrival of the vessel to ARJ Planning Department. For vessels with less than 24 hrs steaming time from the previous port, these details are to be provided as soon as information becomes available. The Bay-plan of the arriving vessel is to be sent via EDI message.D-2. 2 Discharge List Information The discharge list is to be provided to ARG Planning Department 24 hrs prior arrival for set about vessels and 18 hrs prior arrival for feeder vessels. Exceptions will be made on a case to case basis for vessels with lesser time as compared to these deadlines in which case load instructions have to be made available as soon as possible. D-2. 3 Checking Activity During Discharge (Tally) During the discharge process, ARJ will perform a visual check and any deviations from provided data or anomalies are documented and describe to the Line.This check also covers any restows. The check includes the following Container ID Equipment Size / Type Visual Damage Presence of seal (On request) Any further checking required eg Seal number, CSC plate validity etc or further action like placing of seal or placard is chargeable as per Tariff. D-2. 5 Short-landed Container When a container is reported short-landed, ARJ Planning Department will contact the Line. Information will be provided as follows Container ID Vessel / Voyage stowage position stated for the container Reasons for Short-LandingContainer Terminal Operational Guidelines Issued 1 D-2. 6 Over-Landed Container When a container(s) is reported as over-landed, ARJ Planning Department will contact the vessel operator. Information will be provided as follows Container ID Seal Number Status (full / empty) Equipment Type / Size Stowage amaze the container was found in IMO / Reefer information as further as possible Reasons for Over-landing The shipping line will investigate will power / operator of the container and decide whether the container must be re-stowed or remain discharged.The shipping line will supply full container details to ARJ Planning Department and advise further action before vessel departure. D-3. 3 Re-Nomination of Cargo In the event of rollover of cargo for whatever reason, the Line is expected, within 12 hrs of vessel departure, to communicate to ARJ Planning Department, the name of the new vessel which will load the cargo. Every such renomination incurs a charge as per Tariff. D-3. 4 Pro-Forma Cargo Deadline In principle, all containers must be in the yard upon arrival of the vessel in order to maintain vessel schedule integrity and ensure efficient stevedore operations.The following will be taken into account Vessel schedule reliability / integrity should not be affected Berth / Crane productivity should not be unduly impacted Line, Port and Customs requirements The shipping line is responsible for ensuring that all cargo is avail able for loading prior vessel arrival. selfsame(prenominal) applies to cargo on hold or any other cargo released by the shipping line but not ready for loading due to any particular reason. D-3. 5 Checking Activity during Load (Tally) During the load process, ARJ will perform a visual check and any discrepancies or anomalies are documented and reported to the shipping line.This check includes restows. The check includes the following Stowage Position Visual Damage Presence of Seal Any further checking required eg Seal number, CSC plate validity etc or further action like placing of seal or placard is chargeable as per Tariff. D-3. 6 Reporting ARJ Planning Department will update the shipping line with the ETC before and after start of vessel operation and advice the vessel and The Port Authority 2 hrs notice prior to vessel departure. at one time vessel planning is removed ARJ will forward a BAPLIE to the vessel.An updated BAPLIE will be delivered minimum 1/2 hour before comple tion of cargo operations. ARJ is able to provide the shipping line with EDI Load handicap Messages (COARRI) at frequencies agreed to with the shipping line. In addition to the EDI information a recap of the final load and a confirmed load list (CLL) will be sent to the Shipping line via E-mail earliest after vessel departure. In case of EDI failure ARJ will provide the shipping line with a Bay Plan of the load condition upon request.Any urgent or critical matters relating to discrepancies in reporting are to be addressed with the ARJ Planning Department D-3. 7 Short-Shipped Container When a container is reported as short-shipped, ARJ Planning Department will contact the shipping line. Information will be provided as follows Container ID Vessel / Voyage Port of Discharge Stowage position stated for the container Reasons for Short-Shipping D-3. 8 Over-Shipped Container When a container is reported as over-shipped, ARJ Planning Department will contact the shipping line.Informati on will be provided as follows Container ID Vessel / Voyage Container Operator for the over-shipped container Status (full / empty) Category (export / transhipment) Stowage Position (if available) IMO Details Reefer Details Reasons for Over-Shipping D-4 Yard Inventory ARJ Planning Department will provide the shipping line with weekly Yard Inventory Reports for all laden and empty containers. In addition ARJ will also provide on a weekly basis a list of laden containers in the yard, which do not have a put up on carrying vessel or POD.The shipping line will confirm the missing details and revert with an update within 24 hrs of having received the input from ARJ. Any re-nomination or COD is chargeable as per Tariff. D-5 Vessel Bunkering, Repair, and Supply of Provision Vessel bunkering, repair and provisioning activities have to be communicated to ARJ Planning Department at least 48 hrs before arrival of the vessel. These activities are only allowed after approval of ARJ an d are subject to safety and earnest procedures issued by the Port.These activities should not delay the vessel stevedoring operation and must be completed within the operational working time of the vessel unless otherwise agreed. Only in exceptional(a) cases may the stevedoring operations be stop or the vessel port time extended because of these activities. Section E Break Bulk and Over Dimensional Cargo E-1 Requirements The Shipping line is expected to provide information at least 48 hrs in advance of the vessel arrival to the ARJ Planning and Operations Department on any break-bulk activity on vessels that is planned at ARJThe following Information has to be provided Arrival / Ongoing transportation via water / via land manipulation by Container Gantry Crane / External Crane Piece count Measurements Cargo Description Weight Position on Vessel pure(a) description including sketches, diagrams, photographs etc in jpeg / bmp format Customs Approval Confirmation For over dimensional unitised cargo, the shipping line is expected to provide a complete Out of Gauge manifest as part of the documentation submitted for a vessel call.Undeclared, wrongly declared, poorly stowed or incorrectly packaged break-bulk or over dimensional cargo is subject to a fine as per Tariff. Port has the option of measuring and/or weighing the cargo to check the measurements and/or weight. The Port will provide warehouse for storing this cargo if required at no additional charge subject to availability. Any other equipment required for yard handling will be chargeable as per Tariff. Loading or Discharging and Quay Handling will be charged as per the applicable charges of the Tariff.Free time will apply as per the tariff for over dimensional containers, and storage charges will apply as per the tariff for over dimensional containers based on the length. E-2 Restrictions Waterside handling restrictions are always subject to specific approval from ARG Planning and Operations Dep artments but approximately are as under Dimensions Height Length Width Weight 10 m 18 m 6 m 65 MT Shipping lines are expected to taken to take approval from the terminal prior acceptance of bookings involving break-bulk and over dimensional cargoes.Section F Direct Deliveries For exceptional cases there exists a possibility for accepting or delivering containers under the twitch for direct loading / discharging. For safety reasons this activity will have to conform to with ARJ Rules and Regulations. The Port should be advised at least 24 hrs before the arrival of the vessel at the Pilot put up of any planned direct address containers. The following information should be provided Container ID Time of delivery Contents of the container Hazardous Details (IMO Class, UN No. and Manifests as required Port of Salalah will inform the Line about the expected time of loading or discharge of the container. The requested direct delivery has to be confirmed to ARJ three (3) hrs before arrival of the vessel. Section G Dangerous Cargo The shipping line bears the full responsibility for compliance to all rules and regulations governing the handling and transportation of Dangerous Cargo. Packing, labeling, declaration, stowage and documentation have to watch over with the IMDG Rules and Regulations for Sea Containers as well as local laws and any directions given by local and Port Authorities.The Dangerous Cargo Manifest has to be provided to ARJ Planning Department at least 24 hrs before vessel arrival. The Line is responsible for content and sufficiency of the manifest. ARG will stow breakneck cargo container on the vessel as per instructions from the Line. Dangerous cargo containers pay additional charges for loading and discharging as per Tariff. Handling dangerous goods containers belonging to IMO classes 1 and 7 require special attention and permissions from the terminal and other competent authorities.Dangerous cargoes requiring special handling will be ent itled to cut down free-time as compared to normal containers and will be subject to separate storage rates as per Tariff. Section H Leakage / Spillage of Cargo Leakage of cargo contents from a container can be reported either by the shipping line on receiving information from the vessel or by ARJ staff while they are handling it in the terminal. On being made aware of a leakage, the shipping line will immediately advise its nominated surveyor to carry out a survey of the leaking container in conjunction with ARJ Health, Safety, warrantor Environment Department.On receiving the surveyors report, the shipping line will be responsible for taking necessary travel to arrange for re-packing of cargo through third party contractors or alternatively for cross-stuffing of cargoes, as per the advice received from the surveyor. Onward movement of such cargo from ARJ will be strictly subject to clearance from ARJ, that the leakage has been stopped and container is cargo and sea worthy for onward transport. Spillage of cargo will be solely on account of the shipping line as will a penalty charge applied as per tariff till corrective action is taken to stop the leakage.Section I Container Freight Station Activities ARJ has capabilities for container cargo rework, cross stuffing and CFS activities. Arrangements can be made via the CFS Co-ordinator. Section J Weighbridge Port has a weighbridge and shipping line can issue instructions for any container to be weighed at charges as per tariff. Section K Miscellaneous Services Port can offer various services such as sweeping containers, fitting or removing tarpaulins, knocking down ends of flatbeds, bundling flatbed containers, applying or removing placards, fixing seals etc, all of which are chargeable as per tariff.Section L Damage and Claims The Damage Claims Section of ARJ is responsible for relations with damages caused to the shipping lines equipment, its vessels or to port facilities, equipment or its personnel. L-3 Damage Caused by Third Parties If damage is caused to containers or vessels by parties other than ARJ, then ARJ will undertake repairs only at the specific request of the shipping line at its risk and account. L-4 Damage to Port Facilities/Equipment/PersonnelThe shipping line will be richly responsible for all costs and consequence arising due to any damage caused by it, to port facilities, equipment or personnel. Section M Longstanding Cargo Consignments remaining in the port in excess of the following periods will be subject to auction. Any cargo, for which the respective Port and Customs charges have not been paid will be considered frustrated and may be auctioned and sold by ARJ after the following time periods One Month Refrigerated Containerized Cargo and other cargo considered perishable Three Months All other Containerized Cargo Section N Reefer Containers Live reefers will be plugged and unplugged as a standard activity in the stevedoring operations subject to av ailability of connections, at the temperature setting advised by the Line. Reefer supervise and fear is carried out by the Container Service section of the Maintenance Services Department, and is chargeable as per tariff (charge includes electric supply). Monitoring of reefer containers is carried out at least every 8 hrs and any faults will be immediately reported to the Line.Export reefers can be pre-cooled if required and electric supply/monitoring charges commence from the time of plug-in. The Port can arrange PTI (Pre-Trip Inspection) of reefer containers and also can retrieve temperature data from the reefer data logger, both activities chargeable as per Tariff. Section O Port Safety and Security O-1 Rules Regulations The Port of Salalah Rules Regulations is issued by the Port Authorities and applies to all users of the Port. The complete document is available on the Port of Salalah Website. Container Terminal Operational Guidelines Issued 1 stMarch 2007 30 O-2 Internatio nal Ship and Port Security (ISPS) The Port of Salalah is certified as fully compliant with all requirements laid down under the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS). All vessel operators are expected to fulfil requirements pertaining to their role as specified in the ISPS Code. O-2. 1 ISPS Measures by Port of Salalah Port of Salalah has designated a Port Facility Security Officer (PFSO) and a Deputy PFSO (DPFSO) as point of contact for all issues pertaining to ISPS rules and regulations for the Port of Salalah. O-2. 2 ISPS Requirements for the Line Shipping Agents must submit ISPS vessel certification, ETA of the vessel, Crew list, estimated port stay and last 10 ports of calls to the Port conceal 48 hrs prior to vessel arrival. This information is to be sent to email& one hundred sixtyprotected com The Ships Security Officer must submit a completed firmness of purpose of Security (DOS) of the vessel through the shipping agent to the Port Security Officer for endorsement upon berthing. Enquiries on the Port Security Level are to be directed to HSSE department. All users of port facilities must display facility passes at all times while at the facility.To apply for pass, please contact the HSSE department Port users must stop at all facility access control for Security check. Any violation will result in rejection of facility access For further information / illumination please feel free to contact the Port Facility Security Officer. Tel. 968 23219500 ext 466 / 409 / 406 O-3 X-Ray Inspection of Containers Port of Salalah has modern X-Ray screening facilities, and in case any container is required to be screened, the Line should advise the Port who will make the necessary arrangements, which is chargeable as per Tariff.