Lead Contamination in Agro-Based Products as Current Public Health Threat in Bangladesh

Lead contamination in agro-based products as current public health threat in Bangladesh A. M. M. Maruf Hossain1*, M. Shahidul Islam2, Md. Moklesur Rahman1, Md. Mustafa Mamun1, M. Azizul Islam Kazi2, and Syed Fazle Elahi1 1Department of Soil, Water and Environment, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of capital of Bangladesh 2Analytical question Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka. *Corresponding author Abstract Agro-based products atomic number 18 primary to altogether human being food sources. Contamination in these is also the easiest way of human health getting affected in large scale.Among the myriad of agro-based products, mercantilely produced milks and bombard were haved. Chicken orchiss were sampled from Dhaka and its nearby other seven territorys back the central region of Bangladesh. Dhaka, Narsingdi, Kishoreganj, Mymensingh, Tangail, Gazipur, Narayanganj, and Munshigonj were selected for the study. Twelve bombards were randomly sampled from separately districts orb stock mart. In Dhaka, Gazipur, and Tangails market twain(prenominal) br letness and vacuous colored b onlyock were found. Six eggs from apiece type were sampled from these three districts. In the rest five districts save brown colored eggs could be found.Commercial liquidity state milks of 13 turgid milk producers have been sampled with replication. Introduction Poultry plays a vital social occasion in the economy of Bangladesh in recent years. The contribution by store is 3% of the total gross domestic product (BBS, two hundred4) and nearly 10% of the agricultural GDP (Poultry Business Directory, cc7). As food poultry put ups meat and egg. An egg is a good source of energy, protein, and risque. A 50 g weighing figure A icteric egg provides estimated determine of 297 KJ energy, 6g protein, 5g fat (1. 5g saturated, 2. 0g monounsaturated, and 0. 8g polyunsaturated), and 190mg cholesterol.Chicken eggs ar the most commonly eaten eggs, and are highly nut ritious (FAO, 2007). They add up a large amount of complete, high-quality proteins (which contains either essential amino acids for humans), and provide significant amounts of several vitamins and minerals, including vitamin A, riboflavin, folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, choline, iron, calcium, phosphorus and potassium. Again liquid milk is an master(prenominal) source of fat, lactose sugar, and proteins (Casein, Albumin). testis and milk are essential contexts to our day-by-day diet. Bangladesh has a long historical record of raising poultry under(a) traditional backyard farming.In 1935 improved variety of birds were first introduced in the countries. In the long run it is in the early nineties that a subprogram of private parent stock farms have started their operation to produce commercial Day Old broiler and layer Chicks. Today for commercial egg performance layer chicks from these farms are being used. Commercial egg production loosely uses the layer breeds of Hyl ine browned, Hyline washrag, Hisex Brown, Hisex White, ISA Brown, Lohman Brown, Shaver White, and Shaver 579. The prominent milk producers have their own farms in Bangladesh.They produce and market both pasteurized and UTH (ultra high temperature) svelte milks. For egg and milk urban people depend completely on commercially produced products while rural people have some charge of backyard farming. As industrial and agricultural practices are not strictly modulate and maintained environment-friendly in Bangladesh, contamination can happen in some(prenominal) ways especially with heavy metals. For this reason a widely distributed egg samples have been collected from Dhaka and its surrounding other seven districts where industrial activities and hence pollution is most prevalent.Similarly a number of liquid milks were sampled with replication to reflect a representative picture. Materials and Methods Sampling area for egg The egg sampling area constituted eight districts includin g capital Dhaka and cover the central region of Bangladesh. Dhaka, Narsingdi, Kishoreganj, Mymensingh, Tangail, Gazipur, Narayanganj, and Munshigonj were selected for the study. Twelve eggs were randomly sampled from from each one districts egg stock market. In Dhaka, Gazipur, and Tangails market both brown and white colored eggs were found. Six eggs from each type were sampled from these three districts.In the rest five districts only brown colored eggs could be found. The sampling area is shown in gray color in Figure 1. Figure 1 role of Bangladesh representing the darkened study area Milk sampling Commercial liquid milks of 13 prominent milk producers have been sampled with three replications in each. These covered liquid white, mango, chocolate, and banana milks. Aarong white, Aarong chocolate, Aarong mango, Milkvita white, Milkvita chocolate, RD white, RD mango, RD banana, Amo white, Amo chocolate, Amo mango, Pran white, and Starship chocolate liquid milks were selected for the study. essay pretreatment ? The egg samples were boiled in deionized water and after complete boiling whiteness and vitellus were separately oven-dried at 80oC to remove all moisture. The samples were oven-dried unless the difference betwixt two readings of weight was found negligible. Each of oven-died ovalbumin and yolk were interact and analyzed separately. ? A portion of the liquid milk samples were used for parsimony measurement. Milk samples were treated and analyzed as it is. Sample preparation method The samples were prepared by using HNO3 HClO4 digestion (Kebbekus & Mitra, 1998).Since the samples were of organic origin with a precise high organic suffice, HNO3 HClO4 digestion was preferred over the more common HNO3 declination for the function of heavy metals. This strongly oxidizing digestion decomposes organics quickly and efficiently. Sample analysis abridgment of all prepared samples was performed through atomic absorption spectrophotometr y (AAS). BDH standard final result was used for preparation of lead (Pb) standard curve. During the sample preparation for atomic number 33 determination, hydrochloric acid (at least 11. 6 ml concentrated HCl for 100 ml total sample) and KI (at least 1 %) were added.For the other heavy metals no special treatments were done. Hydride vapor generation technique was used in the determination of arsenic and hectogram. Chromium, cadmium, lead, and arsenic determination were done in air-acetylene flame whereas mercury determination was done in cold vapor. The lead (Pb) contamination in eggs is calculated by using the average contention values of total 96 eggs sampled, where albumen and yolk have been canvass separately in each egg (Table 1). Table 1 mean(a) physical parameters for 96 egg samples from 8 districts Average physical parameter Average Standard demerit Whole weight of eggs, g 55. 5098 0. 7590 jaw albumen yolk ratio 1 4. 8672 1. 9775 NA Albumen bleak weight, g 34. 4401 - Albumen moisture content, % 84. 0603 0. 1512 Albumen dry weight, g 5. 900 - yolk raw weight, g 13. 9930 - Yolk moisture content, % 51. 3656 0. 1616 Yolk dry weight, g 6. 8054 - The lead (Pd) contamination in commercially produced white-livered eggs in Bangladesh is presented in Table 2 (average dry weight basis). Revise SPSS with all new data Table 2 Pb contamination of chicken eggs in Bangladesh Sample classes Pb in orb albumen Pb in total Pb in addict yolk Pb in total Total Pb in each Pb in total egg g/g Egg albumen g/g Egg yolk egg (albumen + (albumen + yolk), (dry weight) g (dry weight) g yolk), g g/g (dry weight) (dry weight) determine for 6 5. 905 30. 6918 18. 3190 124. 6680 155. 3599 12. 6356 Brown Egg samples (Dhaka) St. fallacy 1. 1043 4. 439 White Egg (Dhaka) Values for 6 11. 1847 61. 4041 6. 4769 44. 0777 105. 4818 8. 5790 samples St. error 1. 7396 2. 627 Brown Egg (Narsingdi) Values for 1210. 4818 57. 54 53 15. 0153 102. 1849 159. 7302 12. 9911 samples St. error 2. 3770 3. 458 Brown Egg Values for 129. 4945 52. 1248 10. 6030 72. 1574 124. 2822 10. 1080 (Kishoreganj) samples St. error 0. 5917 0. 7616 Brown Egg Mymensingh)Values for 129. 4769 52. 0279 5. 7009 38. 7969 90. 8248 7. 3869 samples St. error 1. 1593 0. 6024 Brown Egg (Tangail) Values for 6 11. 565 60. 7000 5. 4060 36. 7898 97. 4898 7. 9290 samples St. error 4. 4361 1. 8938 White Egg (Tangail) Values for 6 11. 3587 62. 594 0. 7730 5. 2602 67. 6197 5. 4996 samples St. error 2. 4524 0. 4713 Brown Egg (Gazipur) Values for 6 6. 8734 37. 7349 1. 755 11. 4023 49. 1372 3. 9964 samples St. error 2. 0868 0. 6178 White Egg (Gazipur) Values for 6 5. 9167 32. 4825 2. 2874 15. 666 48. 0491 3. 9079 samples St. error 2. 1738 1. 2855 Brown Egg Values for 120. 7702 4. 2285 5. 4222 36. 9002 41. 1288 3. 451 (Narayanganj) samples St. error 0. 4071 1. 9852 Brown Egg (Munshigonj)Values for 1211. 3360 62. 2346 8. 8177 60. 0079 122. 2426 9. 9421 samples St. rror 2. 3649 2. 7654 utmost permissible limit in chicken meat is 0. 1 g /g and in chicken fat is 0. 1 g /g(1). The average statistics for all egg samples are presented in Table 3. Table 3 Statistics of all egg samples Total sample number 192 Mean 8. 1611 Std. wrongdoing of Mean 0. 5253 Minimum ND* Maximum 34. 5637 * = Not detected The average lead (Pb) contamination picture in commercially produced liquid milks in Bangladesh is presented in Table 4.Table 4 Pb contamination picture in liquid milks in Bangladesh Sample classes Average density Volume as packed, mLAverage Pb Standard error Average total Pb concentration in in packet, g sample, g/mL Aarong white 1. 0207 250 0. 8102 0. 2451 202. 500 Aarong chocolate 1. 0511 200 1. 5344 0. 2675 306. 8800 Aarong mango 1. 0554 200 0. 9447 0. 3961 188. 9400 Milkvita whit e 1. 0226 250 0. 9739 0. 3212 243. 4750 Milkvita chocolate 1. 0548 200 1. 2925 0. 6512 258. 5000 RD white 1. 193 230 1. 9657 0. 1987 452. 1110 RD mango 1. 0523 200 1. 6984 0. 4812 339. 6800 RD banana 1. 0552 200 1. 209 0. 5012 241. 8000 Amo white 1. 0257 250 1. 4943 0. 1246 373. 5750 Amo chocolate 1. 0577 200 0. 181 0. 1789 163. 6200 Amo mango 1. 0619 200 0. 8997 0. 8047 179. 9400 Pran white 1. 0256 200 1. 2886 1. 0079 257. 7200 Starship chocolate 1. 0508 200 4. 7589 1. 4347 951. 7800 Maximum permissible limit in milks is 0. 02 g /mL(1). The average statistics for all milk samples are presented in Table 5.Table 5 Statistics of all milk samples Total sample number 39 Mean 1. 5145 Std. Error of Mean 0. 2165 Minimum ND Maximum 7. 0713 Standard for lead (Pb) content of milk and poultry products Comparing the obtained data from the egg and milk samples with the standards throttle in Codex general standard for contaminants and toxins in foods (CODEX STAN 193-1995 , Rev. -2006), it is evident that these foods are heavily contaminated with Pb in Bangladesh. In case of both egg and milk, the average Pb levels are about hundred propagation higher than the maximum permissible limits whereas the maximum respective values are quite large. 1. CODEX STAN 193-1995, Rev. 2-2006. http//www. codexalimentarius. net/web/index_en. jsp 2. Kebbekus, B. B. , and S. Mitra. (1998). Environmental chemical analysis. (Blackie schoolman & Professional, London). pic